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The types and quantities of solids (insoluble components) present in
drilling mud systems play major roles in the fluid’s density, viscosity,
filter-cake quality/filtration control, and other chemical and mechanical
properties. The type of solid and its concentration influences mud and
well costs, including factors such as drilling rate, hydraulics, dilution
rate, torque and drag, surge and swab pressures, differential sticking, lost
circulation, hole stability, and balling of the bit and the bottom-hole
assembly. These, in turn, influence the service life of bits, pumps, and
other mechanical equipment. Insoluble polymers, clays, and weighting
materials are added to drilling mud to achieve various desirable
properties.
Different
mud densities require different strategies to maintain the concentration
of drilled solids within an acceptable range. Whereas low mud densities
may require only mud dilution in combination with a simple mechanical
separator, high mud densities may require a more complex strategy:
(a) chemical treatment to limit dispersion of the drilled solids (e.g., use of
a shale inhibitor or deflocculant like lignosulfonate (b) more frequent
dilution of the drilling fluid with base fluid, and (c) more complex solidsremoval
equipment, such as mud cleaners and centrifuges .
In either case, solids removal is one of the most important aspects of
mud system control, since it has a direct bearing on drilling efficiency and
represents an opportunity to reduce overall drilling costs.