Скачать или смотреть Physics के 10 ऐसे सवाल जिनको कोई नहीं जानता | 10 unanswered questions of physics

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Some numbers, such as your phone number or your Social Security number, are decidedly more important than others. But the numbers on this list are of cosmic importance—they are the fundamental concepts that define our universe, that make the existence of life possible and that will decide the ultimate fate of the universe.
The Universal Gravitational Constant
though the gravitational constant, G, was the first constant to be discovered, it is the least accurately known of all 13 constants. That is because of the extreme weakness of the gravitational force when compared with the other basic forces. Consider that though mass of the earth is approximately 6 x 1024 kilograms, by 1957—about three centuries after Newton left plague-ravaged London—humans overcame the earth's gravitational attraction by using a simple chemical-powered rocket to place Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, in orbit
Speed of Light
The invention of the cannon during the Middle Ages showed that the speed of sound was finite; you could see a cannon fire long before you heard the sound of the explosion. Shortly thereafter, several scientists, including the great Galileo, realized the possibly that the speed of light was finite as well. Galileo devised an experiment that might well have proved this, involving telescopes and men pointing lights at each other over a great distance. But the extreme rapidity of the speed of light, combined with the technological limitations of the 1600s, made this experiment unworkable
The Ideal Gas Constant
In the 17th century, scientists understood three phases of matter—solids, liquids and gases (the discovery of plasma, the fourth phase of matter, lay centuries in the future). Back then, solids and liquids were much harder to work with than gases because changes in solids and liquids were difficult to measure with the equipment of the time. So many experimentalists played around with gases to try to deduce fundamental physical laws.

Robert Boyle was perhaps the first great experimentalist, and was responsible for what we now consider to be the essence of experimentation: vary one or more parameter, and see how other parameters change in response. It may seem obvious in retrospect, but hindsight, as the physicist Leo Szilard once remarked, is notably more accurate than foresight.

Boyle discovered the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas, and a century later, the French scientists Jacques Charles and Joseph Gay-Lussac discovered the relationship between volume and temperature. This discovery was not simply a matter of donning a traditional white lab jacket (which hadn't yet been invented) and performing a few measurements in comfortable surroundings. To obtain the required data, Gay-Lussac took a hot-air balloon to an altitude of 23,000 feet, possibly a world record at the time. The results of Boyle, Charles and Gay-Lussac could be combined to show that in a fixed quantity of a gas, temperature was proportional to the product of pressure and volume. The constant of proportionality is known as the ideal gas constant.
Absolute Zero
It's easy to make heat. Humans have been able to capture or create fire since prehistoric times. Producing cold is a much more difficult task. The universe as a whole has done a very good job of it, as the average temperature of the universe is only a few degrees above absolute zero. And it has done so the way that we do it in our refrigerators: through the expansion of gas.

Michael Faraday, who is far better known for his contributions to the study of electricity, was the first to suggest the possibility of producing colder temperatures by harnessing the expansion of a gas. Faraday had produced some liquid chlorine in a sealed tube, and when he broke the tube (and thereby lowered the pressure), the chlorine instantly transformed into a gas. Faraday noted that if lowering the pressure could transform a liquid into a gas, then perhaps applying pressure to a gas could transform it into a liquid—with a colder temperature.
Avogadro's Number
The Relative Strength of Electricity and Gravity
Boltzmann's Constant
Planck's Constant
The Chandrasekhar Limit
Omega
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Physics के 10 ऐसे सवाल जिनको कोई नहीं जानता | 10 unanswered questions of physics

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