Скачать или смотреть Carcinogenesis & Tumor Markers : Explained Clearly | Biochemistry | MBBS/NEET

Cancer isn't just bad luck-it's a systematic biochemical breakdown at the cellular level. In this comprehensive lecture, we dive deep into the three stages of carcinogenesis (initiation, promotion, and progression) and explore how normal cells transform into malignant tumors. We'll also cover the clinical significance of tumor markers and how they help us track and treat cancer.

🔬 Perfect for:
Medical students, MBBS, MD, nursing, paramedical, NEET PG, INICET, FMGE preparation

📚 What You'll Learn:
✅ The three stages of carcinogenesis
✅ Types of carcinogens (chemical, physical, biological)
✅ DNA repair mechanisms and their failure
✅ Oncogenes vs tumor suppressor genes
✅ The Warburg effect in cancer metabolism
✅ Clinical tumor markers and their applications
✅ Memory tools and mnemonics for easy recall

⏱️ Chapters (with Timestamps):

Introduction to Cancer
0:00 - Introduction: What is Cancer?
0:43 - Understanding Carcinogenesis Fundamentals

Stage 1: Initiation
1:03 - Three Stages of Carcinogenesis Overview
1:48 - Types of Carcinogens
4:34 - DNA Repair Mechanisms
4:44 - Types of DNA Repair
5:30 - Targets of Carcinogens
7:01 - The Initiated Cell

Stage 2: Promotion
7:25 - Promotion Phase Overview
8:13 - Tumor Promoters
9:21 - Chronic Inflammation as Promoter
10:45 - The Warburg Effect

Stage 3: Progression
12:08 - Progression Phase Begins
12:58 - Genetic Instability
13:29 - P53: Guardian of the Genome
14:09 - Retinoblastoma (RB) Protein
15:01 - Telomeres and Cellular Immortality
15:38 - Angiogenesis
16:19 - Invasion and Metastasis
17:20 - Spread to Distant Organs

Review & Clinical Correlations
17:28 - Three Stages Review
18:54 - Introduction to Tumor Markers
19:47 - Ideal Tumor Marker Characteristics

Tumor Markers Deep Dive
20:17 - Onco-fetal Antigens
22:16 - Glycoproteins and Mucins
23:21 - Enzymes: Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
23:53 - Oncogene Products & Genetic Mutations

Clinical Applications
25:10 - Why Measure Tumor Markers?

Memory Tools & Summary
27:00 - Mnemonics for Easy Recall
28:06 - High-Yield Takeaways
29:39 - Conclusion & Final Thoughts

🎯 KEY CONCEPTS COVERED:

Initiation → Promotion → Progression

Proto-oncogenes (RAS, MYC) vs Tumor Suppressors (P53, RB, BRCA)

Chemical, Physical & Biological Carcinogens

The Warburg Effect & Cancer Metabolism

Tumor Markers: AFP, CEA, PSA, HCG, CA-125, CA 19-9, HER2, BRCA


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