The First Flight
Daedalus fled to Crete, where he found refuge under Minos’ protection. The rest of the story has already been recounted in our previous work, “Written in the Stars·Curses — Dual Personality.”
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Form Reflects Meaning, Meaning Shapes Form
In early Han Chinese mythology, there was a virtuous man named Shun (Chinese: 舜) who lived during the period from approximately 2294 B.C. to 2184 B.C., famed for his filial piety. He had two pupils in each eye and was thus called Zhonghua (Chinese: 重華).
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Chasing the Sun
The legend of Shun has been distorted many times. Chinese Confucianism upholds the conservative traditions of Confucianism, requiring moral education of the people and governance of the country through loyalty and filial piety. As a result, many myths have been misinterpreted, including the embellishment of Shun.
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Phaethon
The Shun tribe worshipped the sun, and it is possible that this tribe migrated from the West to the Central Plains of China. In ancient Greek mythology, Phaethon (Ancient Greek: Φαέθων, Romanized: Phaéthōn) was the son of the sun Helios (Greek: Ήλιος) and Clymene (or Klymene; Ancient Greek: Κλυμένη, Romanized: Kluménē), one of the Oceanids (Greek: Ὠκεανίδες). When Phaethon grew up, Clymene revealed his true origins to him and urged him to seek his father’s approval at the sun’s dwelling place.
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Just a Coincidence?
Faethon’s male lover, Cycnus (Cygnus or Cidnus; Ancient Greek: Κύκνος), mourned Phaethon’s death and was transformed into a swan by the gods. The original meaning of Cycnus is “swan.”
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Confucianism, Skilled at Rewriting History
Shun did not ascend to the throne legitimately, so he needed to embellish his lineage. He claimed that his father, Gusou, was the eighth-generation descendant of the Yellow Emperor (Chinese: 黃帝), the seventh-generation descendant of Changyi (Chinese: 昌邑), the sixth-generation descendant of Emperor Zhuanxu (Chinese: 顓頊), the great-great-grandson of Qiongchan (Chinese: 窮蟬), the great-grandson of Jingkang (Chinese: 敬康), the grandson of Gouwang (Chinese: 句望), and the son of Qiaoniu (Chinese: 橋牛). Such a prestigious lineage left no record of his real name, clearly a genealogy embellished by later Confucian scholars. However, Gusou, being blind, could marry two wives, and his latest wives sought to have their sons inherit the family estate, resorting to various means to murder Shun. Therefore, Gusou was more likely a tribal chieftain.
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Ignite, Takeoff
During the Ming Dynasty (January 23, 1368–April 25, 1644), the production of gunpowder became more widespread. In 1380, the Ming government established the Military Equipment Bureau, responsible for the production of conventional weapons and firearms. Later, the Imperial Household established the Armory Bureau, which worked alongside the Military Equipment Bureau to oversee weapon production, including firearms.
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The Shell Riddle
After burying Icarus, Daedalus traveled to Camicus on the island of Sicily. King Cocalus granted him asylum. In exchange, Daedalus designed and constructed a temple dedicated to Apollo there. Within the temple, he offered the wings of flight as a sacrifice to Apollo and vowed never to fly again. It is also said that he designed and built bathtubs with piped hot water. European archaeological discoveries have uncovered copper water pipes beneath a palace dating back to around 3300 B.C.. The earliest known personal-sized bathtub is found on Crete, where a 1.5-meter (5-foot) long pedestal bathtub made of hardened pottery was discovered. However, in Mesopotamian palaces, archaeologists found bathtubs made of clay as early as around 4500 B.C.
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Final Judgments
Minos was wise yet cruel. Thus, the gods appointed him as a judge of the underworld. His half-brother (by the same father, Zeus, but different mother, Europa), Aeacus (also known as Eacus; Ancient Greek: Αἰακός), also became a judge of the underworld, responsible for judging the souls of Europeans. During his struggle for the throne of Crete, Minos exiled his other brother, Rhadamanthus (or Rhadamanthys; Ancient Greek: Ῥαδάμανθυς), who shared the same father (Zeus) and mother (Europa). Rhadamanthus later married Alcmene (Attic Greek: Ἀλκμήνη, Romanized: Alkmḗnē), the widow of Amphitryon (Ancient Greek: Ἀμφιτρύων) and the mother of Heracles (Ancient Greek: Ἡρακλῆς). He also became Heracles’ mentor. After his death, Rhadamanthus became a judge in the underworld, responsible for judging the souls of Asians. However, Minos held the final decisive vote.
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After Daedalus’s death, he will face judgment in the underworld by Minos. We do not know the outcome of this judgment. If we were Minos, what verdict would we render for Daedalus?
Arno Will, March 3, 2025, March 4, 2025. Revised July 29–30, 2025.
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