Parasitic Diseases in Humans | Parasitic Infections Worldwide | Basic Science Series

Parasitic Diseases in Humans | Parasitic Infections Worldwide | Basic Science Series

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1. Malaria, a disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite, stands out as one of the most significant parasitic diseases worldwide. This life-threatening disease is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Once the parasites enter the human body, they multiply within the liver before infecting red blood cells, leading to symptoms such as fever, chills, and anemia.

2. Trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a serious disease caused by the Trypanosoma parasite, which is transmitted by tsetse flies. There are two forms of this disease: Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, found in West and Central Africa, and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, found in East Africa. The early stages of sleeping sickness present symptoms like fever, headaches, and joint pain, while the later stages involve severe neurological symptoms, including sleep disturbances and confusion. Without timely treatment, trypanosomiasis can be fatal.

3. Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is caused by parasitic worms of the Schistosoma genus. Humans contract schistosomiasis through contact with contaminated freshwater, such as rivers and lakes, where infected snails release larvae. These larvae penetrate the skin, mature into adult worms, and reside in the blood vessels surrounding the intestines or bladder. Chronic infection can lead to severe complications, including liver damage, kidney failure, and bladder cancer.

4. Toxoplasmosis, caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, infects humans primarily through the consumption of undercooked meat containing cysts or contact with contaminated cat feces. While most healthy individuals experience mild or asymptomatic infections, toxoplasmosis can cause severe complications in immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women, leading to birth defects or miscarriage. This parasitic infection is prevalent worldwide, with an estimated one-third of the global population affected.

5. Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus and is transmitted through the bite of infected sandflies. The disease manifests in various forms, including cutaneous leishmaniasis, which presents as skin ulcers, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, and visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar, which affects internal organs and can be fatal if left untreated. Leishmaniasis is endemic in parts of Africa, Asia, and the Americas, affecting millions of people annually.

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