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Title: Troubleshooting "unable to get local issuer certificate" Error during pip Install
Introduction:
When using the pip package manager to install Python packages, you might encounter the error "unable to get local issuer certificate." This error is often related to SSL/TLS certificate verification issues. In this tutorial, we'll explore the possible causes of this error and provide step-by-step solutions to resolve it.
Common Causes:
Outdated SSL Certificates:
Firewall or Proxy Issues:
SSL/TLS Configuration:
Solutions:
Ensure that your system's SSL certificates are up to date. You can typically update them using the package manager specific to your operating system.
Linux (Debian/Ubuntu):
Linux (Red Hat/Fedora):
macOS:
Windows:
Firewalls or proxy settings might interfere with the connection to the package repository. Adjust your firewall or proxy settings accordingly.
Ensure that your SSL/TLS configuration is correct. If you're behind a corporate network, they may use a custom SSL certificate that needs to be configured.
Example:
Add the --trusted-host option for each relevant host to explicitly trust them.
Try using a different mirror for the package repository. Some mirrors may have a more up-to-date or lenient SSL configuration.
Example:
Use the -i flag to specify a different package index URL.
As a last resort, you can disable SSL verification. However, this is not recommended as it compromises security.
Example:
Use this option only if other solutions fail and consider resolving the SSL issues instead.
Conclusion:
The "unable to get local issuer certificate" error during pip install is typically related to SSL/TLS certificate issues. By following the solutions provided in this tutorial, you should be able to troubleshoot and resolve the error. Always prioritize security and consider consulting with your IT department if you're working within a corporate network.
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