Скачать или смотреть Skeletal System - Axial and Appendicular Skeleton | ICSE Class 9 Biology

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Axial – skull, vertebral column and thorax
Skull – 28 skull bones and 1 hyoid bone - protect brain and sense organs; movement of lower jaw enable us to eat, drink and talk; hyoid bone support tongue
Vertebral column – forms curved axis of body and maintain erect position like cantilever bridge; supports body like beam; protects viscera; protects spinal cord and provide leverage and support to gridle and help in locomotion
Appendicular skeleton – has griddle and limbs – bones of upper and lower extremities


Cranium or brain box – 8 bones permanently fixed by sutures – are flat and form wall of cranial cavity – open on lower side by foramen magnum – through it spinal cord continues into cavity of vertebral column
Facial region – 14 bones – upper (firmly attached) and lower jaw (movable)
Sense organs – 2 sets of 6 bones that surround sense organ – ear, eye and nose
Hyoid or visceral bone – horseshoe shaped bone at base of tongue & called tongue bone
From skull to hips and called spine – flexibility to back – made of 33 small ring like bony pieces called vertebrae – discs between vertebrae is intervertebral discs and act as shock absorber. Vertebrae are bound together by ligaments to avoid dislocation.
Cylindrical part is centrum. Bony neural arch encloses neural canal. Median spinous process from neural arch is neural spine. Pair of process from side of centrum is transverse process. Neural arch and neural spine provide attachment to muscles.
Cervical or neck region has 7 vertebrae
Thoracic or chest has 12 vertebrae – along with sternum these form rib cage and articulates to pectoral gridle
Lumbar or belly region has 5 lumbar and articulates to pelvic gridle
Sacral or hip region – 5 – fused as sacrum
Caudal or tail has 4 bones and fused into one small bony piece