For a long time, the Bible was considered something unique, - the source of all culture and an exceptional source of wisdom superior to other ancient texts. But recently archeology gave us access to ancient literature that strikingly resembled material from the Bible.
in Egypt, we found, the wisdom of Amenemope of the 13th century BCE, and it turned out that many biblical Proverbs are almost verbatim taken from this Egyptian text. In Ugarit, we found ritual texts, very similar to the ritual prescriptions in the books of Leviticus and Numbers. The legend of the birth of Sargon, 23rd century BCE, resembled the story of Moses; while Enuma Elish the story of creation from Genesis. From the Hittites, from Turkey, we found laws of the 17th century BCE that looked almost identical to the laws in the book of Exodus. Similar laws are found in Mesopotamia, plus stories of flood like Gilgamesh, or Atrahasis. It turned out that the Bible, written only in the 10th-6th centuries, is not so unique and partially was inspired by earlier legends of neighboring peoples.
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Recommended readings:
Joel S. Baden. 2012. The Composition of the Pentateuch Renewing the Documentary Hypothesis. Yale University Press.
Friedman, Richard Elliott. Who Wrote the Bible? Harper San Francisco, 1987.
Friedman, Richard Elliot. The Bible with Sources Revealed, HarperOne, 2009.
Bart Ehrman, The Bible- A Historical and Literary Introduction. Second Edition, Oxford University Press 2017
Cohn, Norman (1999). Noah's Flood: The Genesis Story in Western Thought. Yale University Press.
Habel, Norman C. (1988). "Two Flood Myths". In Dundes, Alan (ed.). The Flood Myth. University of California Press.
Ruffle, John. "The Teaching of Amenemope and its Connection with the Book of Proverbs," in Roy B. Zuck, ed., Learning from the Sages; Studies on the Book of Proverbs (Baker Books, 1995), 293-331.
Lambert, Wilfred G. (2013). Babylonian Creation Myths.
Lambert, Wilfred G., and Alan R. Millard. 1999 [1969]. Atrahasis: The Babylonian Story of the Flood. London: Eisenbrauns.
#bible #christianity #old_testament #religious_studies #shorts
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