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Acid rain refers to rainwater that has a pH level lower than 5.6, which is slightly acidic. It is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from industrial and natural sources, primarily the burning of fossil fuels and volcanic eruptions. These emissions react in the atmosphere with water vapor, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3). When these acids fall to the ground as precipitation, they can have harmful effects on the environment, aquatic ecosystems, and human-made structures.

Effects of Acid Rain:

Environment: Acid rain can harm trees, soil, aquatic life, and other vegetation. It leaches essential nutrients from the soil, making it difficult for plants to grow. Some plants and trees are more sensitive to acidic conditions than others, leading to a decline in certain species.

Aquatic Ecosystems: Acid rain can lower the pH of lakes, rivers, and streams, which is harmful to aquatic life such as fish, insects, and other organisms. It disrupts the aquatic food chain and can lead to the death of sensitive aquatic species. This phenomenon is especially concerning in regions with a lot of freshwater bodies.

Human-made Structures: Acid rain can erode buildings, statues, and monuments made of limestone, marble, and other calcareous materials. Over time, it can cause significant damage to historical structures and cultural heritage sites.

Health: While direct health effects of acid rain on humans are not well-documented, the pollutants that cause acid rain (sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) can contribute to the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which can have adverse health effects, especially on individuals with respiratory problems.


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