This experiment confirmed quantum physics

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In this video, we dive into the details of how the Stern-Gerlach experiment provided unquestionable evidence of quantum behavior in atomic physics.


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[Erratum]
01:02 Einstein received his Ph.D. from the University of Zurich, not the ETH Zurich. Thanks ‪@mattabesta‬ for pointing this out.

[References]

∘ W. Gerlach and O. Stern, "Der experimentelle Nachweis der Richtungsquantelung im Magnetfeld," Z. Phys. 9, 349 (1922)
∘ G. E. Uhlenbeck and S. Goudsmit, Naturwissenschaften 13, 953–954 (1925)
∘ A. Sommerfeld, "Zur Theorie des Zeemans-Effekts der Wasserstofflinien, mit einem Anhang über den Stark-Effekt," Phys. Z. 17, 491 (1916)
∘ P. Debye, "Quantenhypothese und Zeeman-Effekt," Phys. Z. 17, 507 (1916)
∘ O. Stern, "Ein Weg zur experimentellen Prüfung der Richtungsquantelung," Z. Phys. 7, 249 (1921)
∘ W. Gerlach, "Otto Stern zum Gedenken," Physikalische Blätter 25:412 (1969)
∘ D. Herschbach, Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. Engl. 26, 1225 (1987)
∘ W. Gerlach and O. Stern, "Der experimentelle Nachweis des magnetischen Moments des Silberatoms," Z. Phys. 8, 110 (1921)
∘ W. Gerlach and O. Stern, "Über die Richtungsquantelung im Magnetfeld," Ann. Phys. 74, 673 (1924)
∘ M. Born, "My Life: Recollections of a Nobel Laureate," Scribner, New York (1978)
∘ B. Friedrich and D. Herschbach, "Space Quantization: Otto Stern's Lucky Star," Daedalus 127, 165 (1998)


[Credits]

Stern-Gerlach experiment, by Tatoute under CC BY-SA 4.0
Spin angular momentum by T. Knott/CheChe under CC BY-SA 4.0
Otto Stern, public domain
Prag (1912), by J. Neuwirth, public domain
Albert Einstein in 1912, by J. F. Langhans , public domain
Max Laue, public domain
X-ray diffraction by W. Friedrich, Knipping P, M. Laue, Classe der K.B. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München (1912)
Wettermessungen, by the German Federal Archive, under CC-BY-SA 3.0
Feldberg weather station, by T. Berwing, under CC BY-SA 3.0
Steps at the Solvay Insitute, by T. Sheerman-Chase, under CC BY 2.0
Walther Nernst, public domain
Wreckage of a German Albatross D. III fighter biplane, by Library of Congress, public domain
James Franck, public domain
Gustav Hertz, public domain
University of Frankfurt am Main in 1920, public domain
Otto Stern in the lab, AIP
Visible spectrum of hydrogen, by J. Homann under CC BY-SA 3.0
Max Born, public domain
Arnold Sommerfeld , by Bain News Service, public domain
Peter Debye, public domain
Sommerfeld orbits, by CielProfond under CC BY-SA 4.0
Rutherford atom animation, by G. Creador under CC BY 3.0
Solar system, by Orrery under CC BY-SA 4.0
Walther Gerlach, public domain
Universität Frankfurt, Archiv der Universität Frankfurt
Friedrich Paschen, public domain
Menschenmenge vor Bäckerei, by German Federal Archive, under CC-BY-SA 3.0
Wrecked WWI crane, by National Library of Scotland, public domain
Starlight bent by the sun's attraction, by W. B. Robinson, public domain
Reichsbank, Geldauflieferungsstelle, by German Federal Archive, under CC-BY-SA 3.0
New York City Skyline, New York, by I. Underhill, public domain
Goldman Sachs Tower, by J. Hałun, under CC BY 4.0
Goldman Sachs logo, by The Goldman Sachs Group, public domain
Born lecturing, AIP
Rostock, public domain


AIP: American Institute of Physics, Emilio Segrè Visual Archives
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