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In this video, we'll discuss the symptoms and etiology (i.e., the causes) of various mood disorders, including Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Bipolar Disorder (BD), and several subtypes of mood disorders.

Mood Disorders: A category of psychological disorders that is characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions—most often depression, but also mania and elation.

Depressive Disorders: A group of disorders in which depression is the main feature.

Depression: Extremely negative mood (e.g., sadness, hopelessness) that can be so severe that regular drives such as hunger and sex are reduced.

Bipolar and Related Disorders: A group of disorders in which mania is the defining feature.

Mania: Extremely positive mood in which a person is extremely talkative and may behave recklessly.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): A mood disorder characterized by depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, and anhedonia.

Anhedonia: An inability to experience pleasure; decreased motivation to engage in—and decreased pleasure when engaging in—activities that were previously enjoyable.

Psychomotor Agitation: The person is noticeably fidgety and jittery, demonstrated by behaviors like the inability to sit, pacing, hand-wringing, pulling or rubbing of the skin, clothing, or other objects.

Psychomotor Retardation: The person talks and moves slowly, for example, talking softly, very little, or in a monotone.

Suicidal Ideation: Thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), thinking about or planning suicide, or making an actual suicide attempt.

Seasonal Pattern Depression: Experiencing the symptoms of MDD only at particular times of the year (e.g., fall, winter).

Peripartum Onset: Experiencing the symptoms of MDD during or in the four weeks following pregnancy.

Persistent Depressive Disorder: Consistent depression lasting ≥ 2 years, accompanied by ≥ 2 symptoms of MDD.

Bipolar Disorder: A disorder characterized by extreme shifts in mood, commonly from mania to depression and back.

Manic Episode: A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy lasting at least one week that lasts most of the time each day.

Flight of Ideas: A behavior commonly observed during a manic episode in which a person frequently shifts from talking about one topic to talking about a different, unrelated topic.

Rapid-Cycling Subtype: A subtype of Bipolar Disorder in which a person experiences at least four manic episodes—or some combination of at least four manic and major depressive episodes—within one year.

Learned Hopelessness: A cognitive theory of depression proposing that negative expectations about what will happen lead to depression; these expectations tend to be stable (“it will always be this way”) and global (“it will affect every area of my life”).

Cognitive Triad: A contributing factor to the development and perpetuation of mood disorders characterized by negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future.