Dystonia, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment.

.

Chapters

0:00 Introduction
1:55 Causes of Dystonia
2:47 Symptoms of Dystonia
3:07 Diagnosis of Dystonia
3:46 Treatment of Dystonia


Dystonia is a neurological hyperkinetic movement disorder syndrome in which sustained or repetitive muscle contractions result in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal fixed postures.[3] The movements may resemble a tremor. Dystonia is often intensified or exacerbated by physical activity, and symptoms may progress into adjacent muscles.[4]


The disorder may be hereditary or caused by other factors such as birth-related or other physical trauma, infection, poisoning (e.g., lead poisoning) or reaction to pharmaceutical drugs, particularly neuroleptics,[3] or stress. Treatment must be highly customized to the needs of the individual and may include oral medications, chemodenervation botulinum neurotoxin injections, physical therapy, or other supportive therapies, and surgical procedures such as deep brain stimulation.


There are multiple types of dystonia, and many diseases and conditions may cause dystonia.

Dystonia is classified by:

Clinical characteristics such as age of onset, body distribution, nature of the symptoms, and associated features such as additional movement disorders or neurological symptoms, and
Cause (which includes changes or damage to the nervous system and inheritance).[4]

Physicians use these classifications to guide diagnosis and treatment.
Types

Generalized
Focal
Segmental
Psychogenic
Acute dystonic reaction[5]
Vegetative-vascular