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📌 Physical Geography Features (Complete Map Study Checklist for Exams) :

When analysing maps for UPSC, APSC, SSC, Railways, Defence & other Govt Exams, these are the must-know Physical Geography features. This checklist covers every important topic along with extra hints so you don’t have to look elsewhere:

🏔️ MOUNTAINS & MOUNTAIN RANGES –
Himalayas (highest), Andes (longest), Rockies, Alps, Ural, Aravalli (oldest), and active volcanic ranges like the Pacific Ring of Fire.

🏜️ PLATEAUS –
1. Intermontane (Tibetan Plateau → highest),
2. Piedmont (Malwa),
3. Continental (Deccan, Colorado, Brazilian Highlands, African Plateau).

🌾 PLAINS –
1. Alluvial (Indo-Gangetic, Mississippi),
2. Coastal (Eastern & Western Coastal Plains of India),
3. Interior (Russian & North American Plains).

🏝️ DESERTS –
1. Hot (Sahara, Thar, Kalahari, Atacama),
2. Cold (Gobi, Antarctica, Ladakh).

🌊 RIVER SYSTEMS & BASINS –
1. Longest (Nile, Amazon),
2. Widest (Ganga-Brahmaputra delta),
3. Indian river systems (Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra, Peninsular rivers).

🚣🏼 LAKES & LAGOONS –
1. Freshwater (Baikal → deepest, Victoria, Wular),
2. Saltwater (Caspian Sea, Sambhar Lake),
3. Lagoons (Chilika, Vembanad, Pulicat).

💧 DAMS & CANALS –
Bhakra Nangal, Tehri, Hirakud; major canals (Indira Gandhi Canal, Suez, Panama).

🌐 GULFS & BAYS –
Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Mannar, Bay of Bengal, Hudson Bay.

🌊 SEAS & OCEANS –
Arabian Sea, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, five major oceans (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern).

⤴️ OCEAN CURRENTS –
Gulf Stream, Kuroshio, Humboldt, Labrador, Oyashio; warm vs cold currents.

🏝️ ISLANDS & ARCHIPELAGOS –
Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep, Maldives, Philippines, Indonesia, Hawaiian Islands.

🌉 STRAITS & CHANNELS –
Palk Strait, Strait of Hormuz, Malacca Strait, English Channel.

🌍 CAPES & PENINSULAS –
Cape of Good Hope, Cape Comorin, Iberian & Arabian Peninsulas.

❄️ GLACIERS & ICE CAPS –
Siachen, Gangotri, Arctic ice sheet, Antarctic ice cap.

🌎 ISTHMUS –
Isthmus of Panama, Isthmus of Suez.

🌿 GRASSLANDS & WETLANDS –
Savanna (Africa), Prairies (North America), Steppes (Eurasia), Pantanal wetlands, Sundarbans mangroves.

🌳 FORESTS & VEGETATION ZONES –
Tropical rainforest (Amazon, Congo), Monsoon forests (India), Taiga (Siberia), Tundra (polar).

🏞️ FAMOUS NATIONAL PARKS & WORLD HERITAGE SITES –
Kaziranga, Jim Corbett, Yellowstone, Serengeti, Great Barrier Reef.

🐾 BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS & CLIMATIC REGIONS –
Himalaya, Indo-Burma, Sundalands; Köppen’s climatic classification zones.

🌋 NATURAL DISASTER ZONES –
Pacific Ring of Fire (volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis), cyclone-prone areas (Bay of Bengal, Caribbean Sea).


❓WHY IMPORTANT❓
➡️ Repeatedly asked in UPSC, APSC, SSC, Railways, Defence, State PCS.
➡️ Strengthens map-based GK & Current Affairs.
➡️ Useful for Olympiads, Quizzes, Interviews & Prelims quick recall.


👉 Use this as a ready-reference guide while preparing for exams.
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