Class (29) = Mutation (Part 01) | Introduction to Mutation and Types | Point & Frameshift Mutation

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Mutation
The flow of information within a cell involves the transcription of
DNA to mRNA and the translation of mRNA to protein. Recall also, that the flow of information between generations involves DNA replication and distribution to two daughter cells. Therefore, we would expect a change in DNA to be replicated and passed on to future generations and to affect protein structure and function if the change occurred in a gene that coded for that protein. These changes are called mutations. General Types
1. Gene mutation = the allele of a gene changes.
2. Chromosome mutation = segments of chromosomes, whole chromosomes, or entire sets of chromosomes change
1. Gene mutation : Types
a. Point mutations: Point mutationsare the most common type of mutation. A single point mutation, also called a base substitution, occurs when a single nucleotide is replaced with a different nucleotide. There are three types of point mutations:
1. Silent Mutation: causes no change in the activity of the protein; is usually the result of a substitution occurring in the third location of the mRNA codon. Because the genetic code is degenerate (most amino acids are coded for by several alternative codons), the resulting new codon may still code for the same amino acid.
2. Missense Mutation: A missense mutation is a nucleotide
substitution that changes a codon so that it codes for a different
amino acid in the protein. The change may be harmful or beneficial to the protein.
3. Nonsense Mutation: A nonsense mutation is the same as a
missense mutation except the resulting codon codes for a STOP
signal. The result is a premature termination of translation. The
protein is shorter than usual (or nonexistent) and does not contain
all the amino acids that it should. Therefore, this protein is most
likely nonfunctional.
b. Frameshift mutation: A frameshift mutation is a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read.

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