The first settlements on the Cidneo date back to the Bronze Age, 9th century BC, but the first real construction was a small temple dedicated to the Celtic god Bergimus. The real reorganization of the hill is to be attributed to the Romans who at the end of the 1st century BC. they inserted the perimeter inside the city walls [8]. Again by the Romans, in the 1st century AD. a monumental temple was erected which must have corresponded almost perfectly to the size of the Visconti keep: even today the ancient supporting walls and the foundations of the stairway can be observed within this area. With the passing of the centuries and with the advent of Christianity, the Cidneo area increasingly assumed the role of a sacred area: an early Christian martyrium was built, then replaced by a large basilica, demolished in the 18th century after the explosion of a powder keg , which had severely damaged her [citation needed]. Today only one of the two façade towers remains of the basilica, known as the Mirabella tower, probably built in turn on a scalar tower from the Roman era. During the early Middle Ages news regarding the area became increasingly rare, but from the year one thousand onwards they continue to increase, even if there is no exhaustive information regarding the fortifications built. Between 1237 and 1254 the enlargement of the walls was carried out which gave Brescia the appearance that would have characterized it until the end of the 19th century. In this period the area was dotted with walls from the Roman age and rich in religious buildings, and numerous markets and fairs were held there. During the Visconti domination, massive renovation works were carried out on the city defenses: in 1337 there was the birth of the Cittadella Nova, a wall that starting from the castle incorporated within it the buildings of the ecclesiastical and civil power of the city, or the area of the Broletto and the Duomi [9], which at the time were the Old Cathedral and the early Christian basilica of San Pietro de Dom. residence of the captain of the garrison with rooms decorated with polychrome bands and geometric and floral motifs, only partially preserved.
The Mirabella tower
At the same time, the keep was also surrounded by a defensive system consisting of six towers, covered passages and perhaps drawbridges. The Strada del Soccorso was traced, then enlarged in the sixteenth century, an escape route to the north, often used by the adversaries in the following centIn 1426 Brescia passed under the dominion of the Republic of Venice, which immediately took care to renovate the city fortifications hard hit during the war against the Milanese, resulting in a complete overhaul of the city walls in 1466 which were lowered and surrounded with embankments and moats. The castle was only marginally affected by these changes and the only works of arrangement concerned the towers that were changed from a square to a circular plan: of these only a tower of the northern perimeter has survived. In 1509 the French army defeated the Venetian one and took possession of Brescia and its castle. During the period of domination beyond the Alps, new works were undertaken to enlarge and reinforce the walls but were never completed; However, the monastery of San Martino paid for it and was demolished to make way for the walls that should have been built in its place. It was precisely in this period that Brescia went through its darkest period, disputed between the French masters and the Venetians who were trying to reconquer it. The maritime republic took over the city in 1512, at the cost of many deaths and enormous sacrifices, with the tragedy culminating on February 19, when the sack of the city by soldiers from almost every political party, from the French (who used the Strada del Soccorso to enter the fortress) to the Gascons, from the Germans to the Swiss, also from Cremona and Mantua.uries .
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