Chakma tribe brief history explain in assamese

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Chakmas, The the largest ethnic tribe in Bangladesh. They also call themselves Changmas. They are concentrated in the central and northern parts of the chittagong hill tracts where they live amidst several other ethnic tribes. Exact population figures are lacking but the most reliable estimates put their number at 140,000 in 1956 and 230,000 in 1981. According to the 1991 population census, there were about 253,000 Chakmas. Over 90 percent of them are concentrated in rangamati and khagrachhari districts. About 100,000 Chakmas also live in India, particularly in the states of Arunachal, Mizoram and Tripura. Small groups have settled in other countries as well.

In 1550 AD the Portuguese mapmaker Lavanha mentioned the settlement of the Chakmas in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. On the earliest surviving map of Bengal he marked that Chakmas lived in a settlement on the karnafuli river.

Scholars have put forward two schools of opinion regarding early history of Chakmas. Both assume that they migrated from outside to their present homeland. The most convincing opinion links Chakmas with central Myanmar and arakan, and with groups such as the Sak (chak, Thek) who live in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and Arakan. The other opinion, which lacs historical evidence, assumes that Chakmas migrated to the Chittagong hills from Champaknagar in northern India. In the late eighteenth century, Chakmas were found not only in the Chittagong Hill Tracts but also in other hilly areas of the present-day districts of chittagong and cox’s bazar.

When the government imposed a ban on jhum cultivation in low-lying areas of the Hill Tracts in 1860, many of these Chakma cultivators (and other hill cultivators such as the marma) moved towards eastern region. In the pre-colonial period, the Chittagong Hill Tracts had not been part of any state, although they had long been influenced by the Tripura Raj (to the north), Arakan (to the south) and Bengal (to the west). In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Mughal Empire collected tribute from the area through local intermediaries. One of the most prominent of these intermediaries was the Chakma chief residing in an elevated landmass in the Karnafuli river channel. His family had considerable landholdings in the plains of Chittagong, ie, inside Mughal territory, and resided in rangunia.

The Chakmas were friendly to the Mughal government because besides paying some revenue in cotton no other demand was made on them and they were allowed to live according to their own ways of life entirely uninterferred. In 1733 the Chakma Chief Shermast Khan had obtained a zamindari sanad for Chakla Rangunia, a hilly tract but cultivable, and it was in the capacity of being a zamindar that the Chakma Chief came under the direct control of the government. Reversing the old policy of non-interfernece, the colonial government tried in the 1770s and 1780s to bring the Chakmas under the direct control of the colonial government.

They were asked to pay revenue in cash rather than in cotton. The rent-rate in the Rangunia zamindari was enhanced. When the Chakma Raja Juan Buksh refused to pay the enhanced rent the Rangunia estate was farmed out to a banian from Kolkata. Rent-free lands of the raja were resumed. All these measures had alienated the hill people so much that in 1776 they revolted against the British control and asserted their independence under the leadership of Ranu Khan, the diwan of the Raja. Ranu Khan followed guerrilla tactics to oust the company from the Hill Tracts. Hit-and-run was their war strategy. Ranu Khan was the supreme military leader. Under him were several commanders under whose were the soldiers called palwans who were mostly recruited from the Kukis. The official records indicate that Juan Baksh and Ranu had made the whole of the Hill Tracts independent of British rule and they were, in addition, trying to extend their control to all of Rangunia and other adjoining tracts of the plains. They tried to regain control on Rangunia zone, which formed their former zamindari. From 1777 to 1781, three full-scale military expeditions were sent against the resistant forces under the command of European officers, but all attempts to subdue them failed.