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Why are testes located outside the body?

The testes are located outside the body in a pouch called the scrotum mainly to maintain a suitable temperature for the production of sperm. Spermatogenesis is a temperature-sensitive process and cannot occur normally at the body’s internal temperature of about 37°C. For proper formation and maturation of sperm, the testes require a temperature that is approximately 2 to 2.5°C lower than the body temperature. If the testes were present inside the abdominal cavity, the higher temperature would adversely affect sperm production, leading to reduced sperm count and infertility.

The scrotum plays a major role in temperature regulation. It is a thin-walled skin pouch that allows heat loss to the surrounding environment. When the external temperature is high, the scrotum becomes loose and relaxed, allowing the testes to hang away from the body so that excess heat can be lost. When the surrounding temperature is low, the scrotum contracts and pulls the testes closer to the body to conserve heat.

In addition to the scrotum, muscles such as the dartos and cremaster help in regulating testicular temperature. These muscles contract or relax in response to temperature changes, adjusting the position of the testes. Another important structure involved in temperature regulation is the pampiniform plexus, a network of veins that surrounds the testicular artery. It acts as a heat exchanger by cooling the blood before it reaches the testes.

Because the testes are able to maintain an optimal temperature necessary for spermatogenesis through these mechanisms, they are referred to as thermo-regulators. This temperature regulation is essential for the production of healthy and viable sperm and for maintaining male fertility.