🔹 ARTICLE 14 – Equality Before Law
Guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of laws. Prohibits arbitrary action. Allows reasonable classification.
🔹 ARTICLE 15 – Prohibition of Discrimination
State cannot discriminate on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. Permits special provisions for women, children, SCs, STs, OBCs, and EWS.
🔹 ARTICLE 16 – Equality in Public Employment
Equal opportunity in government jobs. Reservation allowed for SCs, STs, OBCs, EWS, and disabled persons.
🔹 ARTICLE 17 – Abolition of Untouchability
Untouchability is banned and punishable.
🔹 ARTICLE 18 – Abolition of Titles
No titles of nobility. Academic and military distinctions allowed.
RIGHT TO FREEDOM (ARTICLES 19–22)
🔹 ARTICLE 19 – Six Freedoms
Freedom of speech, assembly, association, movement, residence, and profession—subject to reasonable restrictions.
🔹 ARTICLE 20 – Protection in Criminal Cases
No ex post facto law, no double jeopardy, and no self-incrimination.
🔹 ARTICLE 21 – Right to Life and Liberty
Covers fair procedure, privacy, clean environment, health, livelihood, etc.
🔹 ARTICLE 21A – Right to Education
Free and compulsory education for children aged 6–14.
🔹 ARTICLE 22 – Safeguards Against Arrest
Right to know grounds of arrest, legal counsel, and production before a magistrate within 24 hours. Preventive detention regulated.
RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (ARTICLES 23–24)
🔹 ARTICLE 23 – Prohibition of Trafficking
Bans human trafficking, forced labour, and exploitation.
🔹 ARTICLE 24 – Child Labour
Prohibits employment of children below 14 years in hazardous industries.
RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (ARTICLES 25–28)
🔹 ARTICLE 25 – Freedom of Religion
Right to profess, practise, and propagate religion with reasonable restrictions.
🔹 ARTICLE 26 – Religious Denominations
Right to manage religious affairs and institutions.
🔹 ARTICLE 27 – No Religious Tax
No person can be forced to pay taxes for promoting a religion.
🔹 ARTICLE 28 – Religious Instruction
Religious teaching is prohibited in State-funded institutions.
CULTURAL & EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (ARTICLES 29–30)
🔹 ARTICLE 29 – Protection of Culture
Groups with distinct language, script, or culture can preserve it. No discrimination in admissions.
🔹 ARTICLE 30 – Minority Educational Rights
Religious and linguistic minorities can establish and administer educational institutions.
Conclusion
Articles 14 to 30 form the foundation of Fundamental Rights and guarantee justice, liberty, equality, and dignity to all. This lecture provides an easy and clear explanation useful for all law examinations.
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