How Electric Water Heaters Work!

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Learn about electric water heaters! This video teaches you about the electric water heater, how it works, how it can be maintained, how to troubleshoot problems with a heater, and how to repair a heater.

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▶️Domestic electric water heaters use electricity to generate the heat required for heating water. A common alternative to an electric water heater, is a gas water heater. Irrespective of the design, the purpose of both heaters is to heat water in an efficient and safe manner.

How It Works
Water is fed to the heater tank via the cold-water inlet. Cold-water flows down through a dip tube and is distributed to the base of the tank. The water is heated by two resistive heater elements. As the water is heated, the hot water rises above the cold water due to the temperature difference (natural convection). The hot water is discharged through the top of the tank, through the hot water discharge connection.

An over-pressure/over-temperature relief valve is installed to prevent over pressurisation of the tank, or over heating of the water. In the event of over heating or over pressurisation, the valve will open, and water will be drained via a drain pipe. The temperature/pressure relief valve (TPR) can be tested by lifting its lever, although this tests only the operating mechanism and not the correct over temperature and over pressure set points.

The two heater elements are resistive heater elements. Electrical current flows through the resistor elements and heat is generated because the resistance path (measured in ohms) is high. Other heaters often use gas burners for heating of the water, although the water heater design is different because these types of heaters require an exhaust path, and air inlet. Thermostats are installed to control when the heating elements turn on and off.

A drain valve is installed at the base of the tank. The drain valve should be opened periodically to drain sediment and mineral deposits from the base of the tank. It is also useful for relieving the pressure inside the tank prior to performing maintenance.

An air bleed is used to purge air from the water heater after maintenance has occurred (this part is not often installed on most water heaters).

Insulation surrounds the water heater tank to reduce heat transfer to the surrounding environment and thus increase the overall efficiency of the heater.

The water heater tank is manufactured from stainless steel with a glass lining or glass enamel coating applied on the internal surfaces; a newer alternative is a polymer-based lining although this is not as common.

A sacrificial anode is manufactured from magnesium, aluminium, or Zinc, or an alloy of these materials, and is installed in the middle of the tank. The anode protects the other metal surfaces from the effects of galvanic corrosion. A steel rod is installed in the middle of the anode, with the anode material applied around the steel rod.


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