For hundreds of thousands of years, Neanderthals thrived across Ice Age Europe. They hunted, crafted tools and even created art. Yet around 40,000 years ago, they vanished, leaving only fragments of bone, stone and DNA.
This episode blends archaeology, genetics and storytelling to explore possible reasons for their disappearance: encounters with Homo sapiens, climate shifts, competition for resources and the fragile networks of small communities.
Rather than a textbook account, this is a narrative journey into deep prehistory, imagining how Neanderthals lived, struggled and what their legacy means for us today.
If you enjoy history told as story, please like, subscribe and share. Let me know which mystery of human origins you would like to see next.
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REFERENCE LIST
1. Stringer, Chris. The Origin of Our Species. London: The Origin of Our Species
2. Natural History Museum (London). Who Were the Neanderthals? Accessed November 23, 2025: Who were the Neanderthals? | Natural History Museum
3. Higham, Tom. The World Before Us: Radiocarbon Dating and Neanderthal Extinction. Oxford University Press, 2021. The World Before Us by Tom Higham - Penguin Books New Zealand
4. Villa, Paola & Roebroeks, Wil. “Neandertal Demise: An Archaeological Analysis of the Modern Human Superiority Complex”: Neandertal Demise: An Archaeological Analysis of the Modern Human Superiority Complex | PLOS One
5. Zilhão, João et al. “Symbolic Use of Marine Shells and Pigment by Iberian Neandertals.” PNAS, 2010: Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals
6. Bocherens, Hervé. “Isotopic Evidence for Diets of European Neandertals.” Annual Review of Anthropology, 2017: Neanderthal Dietary Habits: Review of the Isotopic Evidence | SpringerLink
7. Trinkaus, Erik. “Neandertal Mortality Patterns.” Journal of Archaeological Science, 1995: Neanderthal mortality patterns
8. Smithsonian Human Origins Program. “Neanderthal Overview and Research.”: Homo neanderthalensis | The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program
9. Stringer, Chris, and Rob Dinnis. Britain: One Million Years of the Human Story. London: Natural History Museum, 2014: Britain: One Million Years of the Human Story | Natural History Museum online shop
10. Pettitt, Paul, and Mark White. The British Palaeolithic: Human Societies at the Edge of the Pleistocene World. London: Routledge, 2012: The British Palaeolithic | Human Societies at the Edge of the Pleistoc
#neanderthal #storytelling #documentary
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