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How the Soviet Union Created a Forced Industrial Economic Miracle

Moscow, winter 1921. The city no longer resembled a capital but rather a colossal, exhausted winter encampment; rows of soot-covered buildings, streets filled with evacuees from the Volga region—where famine had claimed millions of lives. Children huddled in rags, horse-drawn carts carrying corpses rolled through empty streets, and factories that once roared with activity were now just cold steel skeletons. Industrial output was only about one-fifth of 1913 levels, trade was paralyzed, food was scarce, and the country's future seemed completely sealed shut. But by 1939, Moscow had an entirely different face: Red Square echoed with the roar of steel engines, T-26 and BT-7 tanks rolled in precise formations, 122mm artillery and Tupolev aircraft sliced through the skies.