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...speaking a language is performing speech acts, acts such as making statements, giving commands, asking questions, making promises, and so on."
John Searle

Locution, Illocution and Perlocution

According to Speech Act Theory, each utterance consists of three related acts:

Locutionary act: This is the basic act of utterance, of producing a meaningful linguistic expression. Well-formed utterances usually have a purpose.

Illocutionary act: An utterance is produced with some function in mind, thus it has a so-called communicative force.

Perlocutionary act: The utterance should have an effect on the listener. E.g. I've just made some cookies. If the listener interprets the utterance as a statement he could react by appreciating the smell. The listener could also interpret the utterance as an offer and feel invited to try one.

Note that what is generally analyzed is the illocution. Some linguists might even use the term speech act only with reference to illocution, since this emphasizes which utterance "counts as".