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Soil compaction is the process of increasing the soil density by reducing the volume of air within the soil mass. Soil compaction depends mainly on the degree of compaction and the amount of water present for lubrication. Normally 2.5 kg rammers and 4.5 kg rammers are available for compaction in laboratories and the maximum dry densities produced by these rammers cover the range of dry density obtained by in situ compaction plant. Regarding the second factor of water content it affects the compaction in the following ways. In low water content the soils are difficult to be compacted. When water content is increased gradually water will lubricate the soils and this facilitates the compaction operation. However at high water content as an increasing proportion of soils is occupied by water the dry density decreases with an increase in water content. For soil compaction tests the dry density obtained from compaction carried out in situ by vibrating roller/vibrating plate is compared with the maximum dry density conducted in laboratories using 2.5 kg rammer of compaction with similar soils. In essence the in situ compaction is compared with the compacting effort of using 2.5 kg (or 4.5 kg) rammer in laboratories. In case the compaction test results indicate values exceeding 100%, it only means that the in situ compaction is more than that being carried out in laboratories which is treated as the basic criterion for satisfactory degree of soil compaction. Therefore the soil results are acceptable in case compaction test results are over 100%. However excessive compaction poses a risk of fracturing granular soils resulting in the reduction of soil strength parameters.
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