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Jainism –    • Buddhism and Jainism - Part 2 Jainism – an...  
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Introduction to six schools of indian philosophy upsc

Indian Philosophy (or, in Sankrit, Darshanas), refers to any of several traditions of philosophical thought that originated in the Indian subcontinent. It is considered by Indian thinkers to be a practical discipline, and its goal should always be to improve human life.
Orthodox (Hindu) Schools
The main Hindu orthodox (astika) schools of Indian philosophy are those codified during the medieval period of Brahmanic-Sanskritic scholasticism, and they take the ancient Vedas (the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism) as their source and scriptural authority
Samkhya:
Sāmkhya philosophy regards the universe as consisting of two realities, puruṣa (consciousness) and prakṛti (matter). Jiva (a living being) is that state in which puruṣa is bonded to prakṛti in some form.
This fusion, state the Samkhya scholars, led to the emergence of buddhi ("intellect") and ahaṅkāra (ego consciousness).
The universe is described by this school as one created by purusa-prakṛti entities infused with various permutations and combinations of variously enumerated elements, senses, feelings, activity and mind.
The end of this imbalance, bondage is called liberation, or kaivalya, by the Samkhya school.
Yoga:
The Yoga Sutras were compiled prior to 400 CE by Sage Patanjali who synthesized and organized knowledge about yoga from older traditions.
The Yoga school, accepts the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics, but is more theistic, with the addition of a divine entity to Samkhya's twenty-five elements of reality.
Nyaya:
The Nyaya school is based on the Nyaya Sutras, written by Aksapada Gautama in the 2nd Century B.C.
Its methodology is based on a system of logic that has subsequently been adopted by the majority of the Indian schools, in much the same way as Aristotelian logic has influenced Western philosophy.
Nyaya developed several criteria by which the knowledge thus obtained was to be considered valid or invalid (equivalent in some ways to Western analytic philosophy).
Vaisheshika:
The Vaisheshika school was founded by Kanada in the 6th Century B.C., and it is atomist and pluralist in nature.
The basis of the school's philosophy is that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to a finite number of atoms, and Brahman is regarded as the fundamental force that causes consciousness in these atoms.
Purva Mimamsa:
The main objective of the Purva Mimamsa school is to interpret and establish the authority of the Vedas.
It requires unquestionable faith in the Vedas and the regular performance of the Vedic fire-sacrifices to sustain all the activity of the universe.
Vedanta:
The Vedanta, or Uttara Mimamsa, school concentrates on the philosophical teachings of the Upanishads, rather than the Brahmanas (instructions for ritual and sacrifice).
Due to the rather cryptic and poetic nature of the Vedanta sutras, the school separated into six sub-schools, each interpreting the texts in its own way and producing its own series of sub-commentaries:
Advaita (the best-known, which holds that the soul and Brahman are one and the same), Visishtadvaita (which teaches that the Supreme Being has a definite form, name - Vishnu - and attributes),
Dvaita (which espouses a belief in three separate realities: Vishnu, and eternal soul and matter),
Dvaitadvaita (which holds that Brahman exists independently, while soul and matter are dependent),
Shuddhadvaita (which believes that Krishna is the absolute form of Brahman) and
Acintya Bheda Abheda (which combines monism and dualism by stating that the soul is both distinct and non-distinct from Krishna, or God).
Heterodox (Non-Hindu) Schools
The main heterodox (nastika) schools, which do not accept the authority of the Vedas, include:
Carvaka:
Also known as Lokayata, Carvaka is a materialistic, sceptical and atheistic school of thought. Its founder was Carvaka, author of the Barhaspatya Sutras in the final centuries B.C., although the original texts have been lost and our understanding of them is based largely on criticism of the ideas by other schools
Buddhist philosophy:
Buddhism is a non-theistic system of beliefs based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, an Indian prince later known as the Buddha, in the 5th Century B.C. The question of God is largely irrelevant in Buddhism, and it is mainly founded on the rejection of certain orthodox Hindu philosophical concepts (althought it does share some philosophical views with Hinduism, such as belief in karma).
Jain philosophy:
The central tenets of Jain philosophy were established by Mahavira in the 6th Century B.C., although Jainism as a religion is much older. A basic principle is anekantavada, the idea that reality is perceived differently from different points of view, and that no single point of view is completely true.