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Karl Marx (1818–1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, and revolutionary socialist. He is best known for his critique of capitalism, his theory of historical materialism, and as the co-author of The Communist Manifesto (with Friedrich Engels).
Key Ideas
1. Historical Materialism
Society evolves through class struggle, driven by material (economic) conditions.

History progresses through stages: primitive communism → slavery → feudalism → capitalism → socialism → communism.

“The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.” — The Communist Manifesto (1848)

2. Capitalism & Class
Capitalism is based on the exploitation of the proletariat (workers) by the bourgeoisie (capital owners).

Workers sell their labor power to survive, but the value they produce (surplus value) is appropriated by capitalists for profit.

3. Alienation
Under capitalism, workers are alienated from:

The products of their labor (they don’t own what they make)

The process of work (it’s repetitive and unfulfilling)

Their own potential (they cannot express creativity)

Each other (competition replaces community)

4. Revolution & Communism
Marx predicted that capitalism would eventually collapse due to internal contradictions (crises of overproduction, inequality, etc.).

The working class would rise in revolution, abolish private property, and establish a classless, stateless society—communism.

📘 Major Works

The Communist Manifesto 1848 Political pamphlet calling for proletarian revolution
Das Kapital (Capital) Vol. I – 1867 Deep analysis of capitalist production, value, and exploitation
Critique of the Gotha Program 1875 Key ideas on the state, socialism, and the "dictatorship of the proletariat"
The German Ideology 1846 Introduced historical materialism and criticized idealist philosophy

🏛 Influence
Politics: Inspired the foundations of socialism, communism, and Marxist movements worldwide.

Revolutions: Influenced the Russian Revolution (1917) and shaped the ideology of the Soviet Union, China, and other socialist states.

Academia: A major figure in philosophy, sociology, political economy, and critical theory.

🔎 Key Quotes
“Workers of the world, unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains.”

“From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.”

“Religion is the opium of the people.”