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Gallimimus: Dinosaur of the Day

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Gallimimus, whose name means “chicken mimic”
First found in the Gobi Desert in August 1963
Gallimimus was named in 1972 by Halszka Osmólska, Ewa Roniewicz, and Rinchen Barsbold
The name “mimus” comes from the fact that vertebral arch of its front neck looks similar to a Galliformes (Galliformes are an order of birds that feed on the ground, and include chickens, turkeys, and quails)
Type species is Gallimimus bullatus
Species name comes from Latin “bulla”, which one meaning refers to an amulet worn by ancient Roman boys as a protection against evil spirits. The Gallimimus bullatis is related because of the unusual capsule occurring in the base of it’s skull
Holotype specimen has a partial skeleton (skull and lower jaws)
Rinchen Barsbold almost named a second species of Gallimimus, called mongoliensis, but decided it was instead an unknown ornithomimid
Lived in Mongolia; Late Cretaceous, 71-69 million years ago
Found in Nemegt formation, which probably had diverse food, stream and river channels, mudflats, and shallow lakes
Looked like big ostrich (with claws and tail)
Similar to other dinosaurs: Pelicanmimus, Struthiomimus, Ornithomimus (pelican mimic, ostrich mimic, bird mimic)
26 feet long; 500 pounds, bipedal
Had long legs, neck, and tail, and hollow bones
Not sure how fast it could run (one source suggests 30 mph)
Hollow bones to reduce weight, so less energy needed to run fast
Lived on open arid plain, so easy to run
Tail helped counterbalance and helped it make fast turns
Had short arms, with three clawed fingers on each hand, and three clawed toes on each foot
Had a small head, but a relatively large brain
No teeth in its mouth
Gallimimus may have had a beak like a modern duck, based on a discovery of by in 2001 Pete Mackavicky, from the Field Museum in Chicago (dinosaur had soft tissues in the skull, which showed traces of a beak along its jaw; the beak was probably composed of keratin); it also had a comb-like plate in the jaw, similar to the filter-feeding structure of a duck’s bill, which strains food from water and sediment
According to Norwegian paleontologist Jørn Hurum, some of the bones in Gallimimus’s beak and lower jaw were very thin, only a fe millimeters
Bottom of its beak was shaped like a shovel
Rigid jaw, so could only really open and close mouth
Not sure what it ate (small skull proportionately but long snout; may have used beak to pick up plants or small animals (lizards, snakes, mammals–but would have been hard to swallow, no teeth)
Originally thought to have eaten small animals, but controversy over what it actually ate (omnivore or herbivore)
May have used flexible arms to get fruit, catch and hold prey, and dig dirt
If they hunted, they may have picked up small animal, thrown it to the ground; may also have stolen other dinosaurs’ eggs from nests
Though it had a filter-feeding mechanims, so more likely it was an omnivore than herbivore (though similar beaks found in herbivorous sea turtles, and in Edmontosaurus
Had eyes on opposite sides of its head
Wide field of view (because of eyes on either side of head), so could easily spot threats, but did not have much depth perception, like other predators
No binocular vision
Fast runner; similar leg proportions to ostriches; good for catching prey and running away from Tarbosaurus
One of the largest ornithomimosaurs
Ornithomimids were one of the most common dinosaurs by the end of the Cretaceous
Lots of Gallimimus bones found, juveniles and adults
Juveniles about 0.5 meters tall at the hip, and adults 2 m tall at the hip
May have had primitive downy feathers as juveniles (unclear as adults, though larger animals need fewer feathers for insulation)
Not well known until Jurassic Park in 1993
In Jurassic Park, more than 2 dozen Gallimimus stampede; crew filmed themselves pretending to run like Gallimimus to help them animate the scene

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