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*Turbidity Measurement Using Jackson Turbidimeter*
*Introduction:*
Turbidity is a key indicator of water quality, representing the presence of suspended particles that scatter or absorb light. One of the earliest methods developed for turbidity assessment is the **Jackson Turbidimeter**, which estimates turbidity based on visual observation.
*Principle of Operation:*
The Jackson Turbidimeter operates on the principle of **visual extinction**. A standardized candle (commonly referred to as a Jackson candle) is placed beneath a vertically mounted, calibrated glass tube. The water sample is gradually introduced into the tube. The turbidity is determined by the depth of the sample column at which the observer can no longer see the candle flame from the top of the tube.
The turbidity is quantified in **Jackson Turbidity Units (JTU)**, which correspond to the measured height on the graduated tube.
*Operational Range and Applications:*
*Measurement Range:* Effective for turbidity values **greater than 25 JTU**.
*Common Applications:* Surface water monitoring, preliminary wastewater analysis, and field assessments where modern instrumentation is not feasible.
*Limitations:*
*Not suitable for low-turbidity samples* (less than 25 JTU).
*Subjective measurement* dependent on visual perception.
**Superseded by modern instruments**, such as nephelometers and turbidimeters calibrated in NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units), which offer higher precision and repeatability.
*Current Relevance:*
While largely outdated in professional laboratories, the Jackson Turbidimeter still holds value for *educational purposes**, **field demonstrations**, and **historical reference* in water quality assessment.