Скачать или смотреть Lecture 1C: Animal models of epilepsy

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Animal models of epilepsy
Although there is a considerable bulk of literature on animal models of epilepsy, the phase of transition to the seizure state has not yet been fully explored. Some earlier studies indicated that discernible preictal patterns can be detected, at least in some experimental models of epilepsy, but these studies must be regarded as proof-of-principle studies since most lack a sound statistical validation. In addition, a number of these studies have focused on acute seizure models, whose behavior is not clearly analogous to spontaneous seizures in humans. More recently, alterations in interictal activity were shown to precede the transition to ictal-like activity in a hippocampal–entorhinal brain slice preparation exposed to high extracellular potassium and to low magnesium concentrations. Preictal changes were characterized by alterations in the origin and spread of CA3 epileptiform discharges and by a prominent spectral power increase in the 200–400-Hz frequency range. Similar oscillations were also observed in microelectrode studies in vivo in the hippocampus of kainate-treated rats and in depth EEG recordings from patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. These so-called ‘fast ripples’ have been hypothesized to identify microscopic regions important to seizure generation, and may reflect pathological hypersynchronous population spikes of bursting pyramidal cells. Fast ripples are also seen during the latent period (i.e., between the occurrence of an initial epileptogenic insult and the onset of recurrent spontaneous seizures) in rat models of chronic epilepsy, and may thus be a possible marker of alterations in interictal activity preceding the transition to ictal activity.

Types of Model
Acute Seizure Models

Maximal electroshock (MES) model

Chemoconvulsant models of generalised tonic-clonic seizures

Chemoconvulsant models of focal onset of generalised seizures

Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced convulsions

Chemoconvulsant models of generalised absence and myoclonic seizures

Models with Recurrent Seizures (Chronic Seizure Models)

Kindling model of epilepsy

Mechanisms of kindling

Pharmacology

Intractable epilepsy

Adverse effects

Behavioural alterations

Conclusions

Chronic Epilepsy Following Status Epilepticus

Mechanisms

Pharmacology

Comparison with the kindling model

Genetic Animal Models of Epilepsy

Transgenic or knockout mice

Animals with spontaneous mutations

Generalised absence epilepsy

Reflex epilepsies

Audiogenic seizure susceptible mice and rats

Epileptic gerbils

EL mice

uses and imitations of Animal models of epilepsy
Characteristic of required Animal models
Electric shock Convulsions
Chemo convulsants
Brain Pathology model
Genetics method
Conclusion