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The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE) was
a devastating conflict between Athens (leader of the Delian League) and Sparta (leader of the Peloponnesian League), fought for dominance over Ancient Greece, ending with a Spartan victory that weakened the entire Greek world and marked the end of Athens' Golden Age. Driven by Athenian expansion and Spartan fear, the war saw land battles dominated by Sparta and sea battles by Athens, featuring phases like the plague in Athens, the disastrous Sicilian Expedition, and eventual Spartan naval superiority with Persian aid, culminating in Athens' surrender.
Key Aspects

COMBATANTS
Athens (democracy, powerful navy, Delian League) vs. Sparta (oligarchy, strong army, Peloponnesian League).

CAUSES
Growing Athenian power and empire alarmed Sparta, leading to conflict over trade and allies, officially sparked by disputes involving Megara and Corinth.

PHASES
Archidamian War (431-421 BCE): Sparta ravaged Attica; Athens used its navy and walls, but a plague devastated Athens (killing Pericles).
Peace of Nicias (421-415 BCE): A fragile truce broken by Athenian ambition.
Sicilian Expedition (415-413 BCE): Athens' massive, disastrous invasion of Sicily, leading to huge losses.
Ionian/Decelean War (413-404 BCE): Sparta, with Persian funds, built a navy, defeated Athens at Aegospotami (405 BCE), and forced surrender.

OUTCOME
Athens lost its empire, walls, and navy; Sparta became dominant but Greece was left fractured and vulnerable, paving the way for future Macedonian conquest.

HISTORICAL RECORD
The war's detailed account comes primarily from Thucydides, an Athenian general who lived through it, making his work a primary source.

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