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Operation Sindoor was the military campaign launched by India in May 2025 in retaliation for a terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir. The coordinated strikes targeted terrorist infrastructure in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK). 

Background

Pahalgam terror attack (April 22, 2025): The operation was in response to an attack on a village in Pahalgam by Pakistan-backed militants. The militants reportedly separated and killed 26 civilians based on their religion.

Targeting terror bases: India launched Operation Sindoor with the objective of destroying the terror infrastructure and holding the perpetrators accountable.

Pakistan's retaliation: After the initial Indian strikes on terrorist camps on May 7, Pakistan responded with drone attacks and artillery shelling on Indian military and civilian areas. India then conducted additional strikes targeting Pakistani military facilities that facilitated these attacks.

Ceasefire: The conflict concluded with a ceasefire on May 10, 2025, after Pakistan's Director General of Military Operations (DGMO) requested a cessation of hostilities from his Indian counterpart. 

Key elements of the operation

Precision strikes: The Indian Armed Forces used precision weapons, including SCALP cruise missiles and HAMMER precision-guided bombs, to strike nine terror sites with high accuracy.

Multi-service coordination: The operation involved a coordinated effort by the Indian Army, Air Force, and Navy, demonstrating joint military prowess. The Indian Air Force played a crucial role, with Rafale jets reportedly used to hit targets deep inside Pakistan.

Indigenous technology: The operation highlighted India's growing self-reliance in defense technology, with the effective use of indigenously developed systems like the Akash air defense system and counter-drone capabilities.

Non-military actions: India also undertook non-military measures as part of the response, including:

Suspending the Indus Waters Treaty with Pakistan.

Closing the Attari-Wagah border and halting all bilateral trade.

Expelling Pakistani nationals living in India and banning Pakistani artists.

Diplomatically isolating Pakistan on the global stage. 

Aftermath and impact

Indian Air Force's claims: Following the operation, the Indian Air Force Chief claimed that Pakistan lost multiple fighter jets and radar facilities. He described the operation as highly decisive and swift.

Pakistan's claims: Pakistan claimed to have shot down multiple Indian aircraft and accused India of targeting civilian areas. Pakistan's military also claimed to have launched a retaliatory cyberattack.

International support: India received significant international support, with global leaders backing its stance against terrorism.

Shift in military strategy: The operation marked a shift in India's national security doctrine toward a more resolute and direct response to cross-border terrorism, effectively ending the perceived distinction between terrorists and their state sponsors.