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Principia Ethica. By G. E. Moore FULL Audiobook
"Principia Ethica" is a book written by British philosopher G. E. Moore in 1903. The book is a treatise on moral philosophy and is considered a seminal work in the field. In the book, Moore poses three questions: (1) What ought to exist for its own sake? (2) What actions should one perform? (3) What is the nature of the evidence to prove or disprove ethical propositions? Moore believes that the answer to the first question is self-evident. To ascertain the answer to the second question, causal truths must be used as evidence. Moore’s goal is to establish a scientific (that is, a practical) ethics.

Moore asserts that “pleasure” is not definable in terms of “good.” This is the case because “good” is a primitive term. That is, it is indefinable. For example, “green” may be defined as a combination of “yellow” and “blue.” However, “yellow,” as the name of a primary color, has no definition other than itself. “Yellow” and “blue” are primitives. Ordinary-language philosophy distinguishes good or value as a means from goods in themselves, or intrinsic values. Goods as means cause or produce intrinsic values. Intrinsic values, like primitives, are simply good by definition.

Moore asserts that any action must produce a predictable effect. Since the human mind can predict only tenuously, however, people must work with uncertainty under varying conditions. They would have to know all results of a given action in order to determine with certainty whether a decision is productive of more good than evil. Moreover, they would have to know all the outcomes of all possible alternative decisions. Such knowledge is impossible. Therefore, ethical reasoning necessarily proceeds with uncertainties: A certain ethical proposition is inherently false. By contrast, a statement referring to generally good effects, rather than making an absolute assertion of goodness, may be true for a limited time.

Statements about intrinsic goods are different since they do not rely on predictions. An intrinsic good, or a good in itself, exists regardless of the contingencies and uncertainties of the world around it. For Moore, then, ethical inquiry differentiates between goodness in itself and goodness as a result. To decide what to do in a given situation, a person relies on an analysis of both intrinsic good and resulting good. The best course of action is the one that will lead to the greatest sum of intrinsic value. One must weigh the intrinsic good of an action, the intrinsic good of its results, the intrinsic good of the results of those results, and the goods and evils involved in all possible alternative actions and their resulting causal chains. The union of all parts of actions (their causes, conditions, and results) forms what Moore calls an “organic whole.”

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More: Principia Ethica, G. E. Moore, moral philosophy
ethics, analytic tradition, good
values, human thinking, free download
audiobook, LibriVox, public domain
philosophy, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein

00:00:00 Epigraph
00:00:11 Preface to the 1903 Edition
00:10:23 Preface to the 1922 Edition
00:10:57 Principia Ethica. I: The Subject-Matter of Ethics
01:38:32 II: Naturalistic Ethics
02:32:27 III: Hedonism
04:36:20 IV: Metaphysical Ethics
05:52:23 V: Ethics in Relation to Conduct
07:29:15 VI: The Ideal