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How Swiss Banks Laundered $400 Million in Stolen Assets During WWII?

Between 1940 and 1945, Swiss banks processed over $400 million in stolen Nazi gold—equivalent to $7 billion today. This is the untold story of how Switzerland's banking secrecy laws enabled one of history's greatest financial crimes.

Sources:

Books
Bazyler, M. J., & Alford, R. P. (2006). Conquest and redemption: A history of Jewish assets from the Holocaust. New York University Press.

Bower, T. (1997). Nazi gold: The full story of the fifty-year Swiss-Nazi conspiracy to steal billions from Europe's Jews and Holocaust survivors. HarperCollins.

Dean, M. (2008). Robbing the Jews: The confiscation of Jewish property in the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press.

Kreis, G. (Ed.). (2000). Switzerland and the Second World War. Routledge.
Nicholas, L. H. (1994). The rape of Europa: The fate of Europe's treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War. Knopf.

Rickman, G. J. (1999). Swiss banks and Jewish souls. Transaction Publishers.

Sayer, I., & Botting, D. (1984). Nazi gold: The sensational story of the world's greatest robbery. Congdon & Weed.

Yeadon, G., & Hawkins, J. (2008). The Nazi hydra in America: Suppressed history of a century. Progressive Press.

Journal Articles
Bazyler, M. J. (2000). The Swiss banks settlement: Justice delayed or justice denied? Tulane Law Review, 74(4), 1-58.

Garbade, K. D. (2012). Gold movements during World War II. Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports, No. 553.

Guex, S. (2000). Swiss bank secrecy: Origins, significance, best practices. Business and Economic History, 29(2), 237-266.

Larres, K. W. (2016). The price of neutrality: Why Switzerland became Europe's secret offshore banking center. Journal of Modern European History, 14(2), 189-212.

Rings, W. (1985). Switzerland and gold transactions in the Second World War. Journal of Contemporary History, 20(4), 515-539.

Steinberg, J. (2001). Holocaust assets and Swiss banks: A study of a unique legal challenge. Journal of Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 15(1), 89-115.

Government Reports and Official Documents
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. (2001). Customer due diligence for banks. Bank for International Settlements.

Bergier Commission. (2002). Switzerland, National Socialism and the Second World War: Final report (25 vols.). Independent Commission of Experts Switzerland–Second World War.

Claims Resolution Tribunal. (2012). Final report. Claims Resolution Tribunal for Dormant Accounts in Switzerland.

Eizenstat, S. E. (1997). U.S. and allied efforts to recover and restore gold and other assets stolen or hidden by Germany during World War II. U.S. Department of State.

Independent Committee of Eminent Persons. (1999). Final report of the Volcker Committee: Investigation of accounts at Swiss banks of victims of Nazi persecution. ICEP.

International Military Tribunal. (1945-1946). Nuremberg trial documents: Nazi economic crimes evidence. IMT.

Swiss Federal Council. (1999-2002). Official statements responding to Bergier Commission findings. Swiss Federal Archives.

U.S. Department of the Treasury. (1939-1945). Foreign Funds Control records: Intelligence assessments of Swiss-Nazi financial relationships. National Archives and Records Administration.

U.S. Senate Banking Committee. (1996-1998). Hearings on dormant accounts and Nazi gold in Swiss banks: Transcript records and testimony. U.S. Government Printing Office.

War Cabinet Economic Warfare Committee. (1943-1944). Warnings issued to Switzerland regarding looted Nazi gold. The National Archives (UK).
Treaties and Legislative Acts

Allied Powers & Switzerland. (1946). Washington Accord on German assets in Switzerland. U.S. Department of State.
Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, Pub. L. No. 111-147, 124 Stat. 71 (2010).

Swiss Banking Act of 1934, SR 952.0 (1934).