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The earliest kings in recorded history are associated with Sumer, one of the world’s first civilizations, located in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq). The Sumerian King List, an ancient text, provides a mix of mythical and historical rulers, some of whom allegedly reigned before the Great Flood—a legendary event in Sumerian mythology.

Among the historical kings, Enmebaragesi of Kish (circa 2600 BCE) is the first ruler to be confirmed by archaeological evidence, as inscriptions bearing his name have been discovered. He is mentioned as a powerful king who dominated other Sumerian city-states. Another prominent figure is Gilgamesh, the king of Uruk, who is both a historical and mythical character. He is celebrated as the hero of the famous Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the world’s oldest literary works.

These Sumerian kings were pivotal in the development of the earliest city-states, establishing centralized authority, building monumental architecture, and contributing to the invention of writing (cuneiform). Their reign marked the beginning of organized governance and laid the foundation for future civilizations.
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00:00 - Title: The First King of the World: Was it Narmer or Someone Else?
00:25 - 1.Narmer: The First King of Ancient Egypt
00:55 - 2. Archaeological Evidence from Pre-Egyptian Civilizations: Sumer and Mesopotamia
01:51 - 3. Archaeological Evidence from Ancient Egypt: Narmer's Palette and Other Discoveries
02:38 - 4. Myths and Archaeological Evidence: A Blend of History and Legend
03:04 - 5. Ayri Hor and Archaeological Evidence
03:34 - 6. Mythological Kings and Archaeological Evidence
04:08 - Conclusion