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The Ionosphere-Thermosphere Connects Earth and Space. The neutral atmosphere, ionosphere, magnetosphere, the solar wind, and radiation environment interact with each other, giving rise to new behaviors.
The lowest layer the troposphere is home to all life, weather, and 80 percent of the atmosphere’s total mass.
The top layer of the atmosphere the thermosphere consists of very low-density, high-temperature neutral gas heated by solar ultraviolet radiation.
The ionosphere is the ionized component of the upper atmosphere; it overlaps with the thermosphere
where the atmosphere begins to connect to space, at around 100 km above the surface.
For example, GPS navigation and over-the-horizon communication used on long-duration airplane flights are affected by conditions in the ionosphere.
Because the ionosphere is influenced both by conditions in space and by the atmosphere that extends down to the surface,
A number of competing effects observed in this region must be understood in order to predict the behavior of the near-Earth space environment.
A plasma storm envelops the North American continent on the afternoon of August 3, 2010.
Red regions of high electron density degrade the performance of GPS systems used for navigation.
Electric currents above Earth also grow during the storm, inducing currents in the ground.
The magnetosphere acts as an intermediary between space and the atmosphere, both preventing radiation from reaching Earth.
Transferring energy from the high-speed solar wind to the ionosphere and thermosphere.
This energy in the ionosphere-thermosphere system circulates the neutral and charged gas of the layers and affects the density of both.
In addition, magnetospheric fluctuations driven by the solar wind produce auroras.
Precipitation of magnetospheric plasma along the magnetic field lines down into the atmosphere leads to collisions with the neutral atmosphere that emit auroral light.
The aurora in turn drives stronger winds and raises temperatures in the thermosphere.
Because the thermosphere and ionosphere occupy the same region of space, this magnetospheric energy is readily exchanged between the neutral and charged gas.
From this dynamic interplay between the ions and neutrals emerge behaviors of the geospace system that are currently difficult to predict.
understanding the coupling between the ions and neutrals in the upper atmosphere is therefore of key importance.
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