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Genetics is a complex field with lots of details to keep straight. But when you get a handle on some key terms and concepts, including the structure of DNA and the laws of inheritance, you can start putting the pieces together for a better understanding of genetics.

The Scientific Language of Genetics

From chromosomes to DNA to dominant and recessive alleles, learning the language of genetics is equivalent to learning the subject itself. The following key terms are guaranteed to appear frequently in your study of all things genetic:

Alleles: Alternative versions of a gene
Autosomal chromosome: A non-sex chromosome
Chromosome: A linear or circular strand composed of DNA that contains genes
Diploid: An organism with two copies of each chromosome
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; the molecule that carries genetic information
Dominant: An allele or phenotype that completely masks a recessive allele or phenotype
Gene: The fundamental unit of heredity; a specific section of DNA within a chromosome that codes for a specific protein
Genotype: The genetic makeup of an individual; the allele(s) possessed at a given locus
Heterozygote: An individual with two different alleles of a given gene or locus
Homozygote: An individual with two identical alleles of a given gene or locus
Locus: A specific location on a chromosome
Phenotype: The physical characteristics of an individual
Recessive: An allele or phenotype that is masked by a dominant allele or phenotype; recessive traits are exhibited only when an individual has two recessive alleles at the same locus or gene