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Title: Resolving "org.openqa.selenium.JavascriptException: javascript error: angular is not defined" in Selenium WebDriver
Introduction:
When working with Selenium WebDriver for automated testing, you may encounter the "org.openqa.selenium.JavascriptException: javascript error: angular is not defined" error. This error typically occurs when Selenium tries to execute JavaScript code on a webpage that relies on AngularJS, but the AngularJS library is not properly loaded or initialized. In this tutorial, we will explore the causes of this error and provide solutions to resolve it.
Causes of the Error:
The error indicates that Selenium is trying to interact with an AngularJS-based webpage, but AngularJS is either not loaded or not recognized. This can happen due to various reasons, such as asynchronous loading of AngularJS, improper synchronization in your Selenium script, or AngularJS not being present on the webpage.
Solution:
Ensure AngularJS is Loaded:
Check if the webpage you are testing uses AngularJS. If it does, make sure that AngularJS is loaded before you perform any interactions using Selenium. You can wait for the AngularJS library to be fully loaded by implementing explicit waits.
Wait for AngularJS Initialization:
AngularJS applications may take some time to initialize. Use Selenium's WebDriverWait to wait for Angular to be ready before interacting with elements.
Handle Asynchronous Loading:
If the AngularJS script is loaded asynchronously, ensure that your Selenium script waits for it to be fully loaded before proceeding.
Verify AngularJS Inclusion:
Confirm that the webpage includes the AngularJS library. You can check this by inspecting the page source or using browser developer tools.
Update WebDriver and Browser:
Ensure that you are using the latest version of Selenium WebDriver and the browser driver. Sometimes compatibility issues can cause script execution problems.
Conclusion:
By implementing the suggested solutions, you can overcome the "org.openqa.selenium.JavascriptException: javascript error: angular is not defined" error in your Selenium WebDriver scripts when working with AngularJS-based web applications. Adjust your code accordingly based on the specific needs and structure of your application.
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