explain oops concepts in java with examples

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sure! object-oriented programming (oop) is a programming paradigm that uses "objects" to design applications and computer programs. java is one of the most popular programming languages that supports oop principles. the four main concepts of oop are:

1. *encapsulation*
2. *inheritance*
3. *polymorphism*
4. *abstraction*

let’s go through each of these concepts with explanations and code examples.

1. encapsulation

*definition:* encapsulation is the bundling of data (variables) and methods (functions) that operate on the data into a single unit, known as a class. it restricts direct access to some of the object's components and can prevent the accidental modification of data.

*example:*



2. inheritance

*definition:* inheritance is a mechanism where one class can inherit fields and methods from another class. the class that inherits is called the subclass (child class), and the class that is inherited from is called the superclass (parent class).

*example:*



3. polymorphism

*definition:* polymorphism allows methods to do different things based on the object it is acting upon. it can be achieved through method overloading (compile-time polymorphism) and method overriding (runtime polymorphism).

*example of method overloading:*



*example of method overriding:*



4. abstraction

*definition:* abstraction is the concept of hiding the complex reality while exposing only the necessary parts. in java, abstraction can be achieved using abstract classes and interfaces.

*example using abstract class:*



*example using interface:*



conclusion

these four concepts form the foundation of object-oriented programming in java. by utilizing encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction, developers can create modular, reusable, and maintainable code. each of these concepts can be further explored and combined in various ways to solve real-world programming problems effectively.

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