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Percentage Composition 🧮
Percentage composition is a way to express the relative amount of each element in a compound. It's calculated by dividing the mass of each element in the compound by the total molar mass of the compound and multiplying by 100%.
$$\text{Percentage composition of element} = \frac{\text{mass of element in compound}}{\text{molar mass of compound}} \times 100\%$$
Limiting Reagent and Excess Reagent ⚖️
In a chemical reaction:
*Limiting reagent*: The reactant that is completely used up first, determining the maximum amount of product formed.
*Excess reagent*: The reactant present in more than the stoichiometric amount needed to react with the limiting reagent. The amount remaining after the reaction is complete is the excess amount.

Example 🔍
For $2H_2 + O_2 \rightarrow 2H_2O$ with 4 moles of $H_2$ and 3 moles of $O_2$:
$H_2$ is limiting (needs 2 moles $O_2$ for 4 moles $H_2$; we have 3 moles $O_2$).
$O_2$ is in excess. Amount of $O_2$ remaining = $3 - 2 = \boxed{1\ mole}$.

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