Gallipoli has become a defining moment in the history of both Australia and New Zealand, revealing characteristics that both countries have used to define their soldiers: endurance, determination, initiative and 'mateship'. For the Ottomans, it was a brief respite in the decline of their empire. But through the emergence of Mustafa Kemal (later known as Atatürk) as one of the campaign's leading figures, it also led to the foundation of modern Turkey.
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The Gallipoli Campaign was an Allied military operation against the Ottoman Empireduring World War I. The initial goal was to capture the Dardanelles, a strait that connects the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara, and the Gallipoli Peninsula, on the strait’s western shore. Then the Allies planned to occupy Constantinople (now Istanbul), the capital of the Ottoman Empire. The operation, which was also known as the Dardanelles Campaign, took place between February 1915 and January 1916.
In the winter of 1914–15 Russian troops were fighting Ottoman forces in the Caucasus region, on the border between the Ottoman Empire and what was then the Russian Empire. In January 1915 the British government agreed to help their Russians allies by attacking the the Ottomans elsewhere, thereby relieving pressure on the Caucasus front. The British chose the Dardanelles as the place for the attack. An attack on the strait had already been proposed by Winston Churchill, who was then the first lord of the Admiralty, before Russia appealed for help.
After much disagreement among themselves, the British decided on an attempt to attack the Dardanelles with the navy alone. In mid-February, however, they agreed that army troops would be needed to hold the shores of the strait if the navy broke through. For that purpose the Allies assembled a large military force in Egypt under General Sir Ian Hamilton. Called the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, it included British, ANZAC (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps), French, and Indian troops.
British warships began bombarding Ottoman ports on the Gallipoli Peninsula on February 19. The bombardment faltered, however, partly because of bad weather. The navy ended the attack in March after three battleships had been sunk and three others damaged. Hamilton’s troops began to land on the peninsula at two places early on April 25, 1915. The 29th British and Royal Naval divisions landed at Cape Helles, and the ANZACs landed at what is now called Anzac Cove. By that time, however, the Ottoman forces were six times larger than when the campaign began. The Allies took the beaches with great difficulty, the ANZACs being held up by Ottoman troops under Mustafa Kemal, who later became famous as Atatürk. Even after sending in large reinforcements, the Allies made little progress. On August 6 the British landed more troops, this time at Suvla Bay. After some initial progress, the new assault was halted.
By September 1915 it was clear to the Allies that without further large reinforcements there was no hope of decisive results. The British authorities at home decided to replace Hamilton with Lieutenant General Sir Charles Monro. Monro recommended the withdrawal of the military forces and abandonment of the campaign. The British secretary of state for war, Herbert Kitchener, affirmed this advice when he visited the peninsula in November. The Allied withdrawal was carried out in stages and was successfully completed early on January 9, 1916.
The Gallipoli Campaign ended with about casualties were 213,980
out of a force of nearly 500,000. The Ottoman Empire's victory came with an estimated 250,000 Turkish and Arab casualties defending Gallipoli. The campaign did manage to attract large Turkish forces away from the Russians, but overall it was a disaster. The plan failed because of poor military leadership in some cases, faulty tactics including complete lack of surprise, the inexperience of the troops, inadequate equipment, and a shortage of shells. Gallipoli gave the impression throughout the world that the Allies were militarily inept.
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