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Here is a list of most important topics of Indian Polity for UPSC Prelims:

1. Constitution of India
Preamble: Meaning, significance, and components (Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, Sovereignty, Secularism, etc.)
Historical Background: Regulating Acts, Government of India Acts, Indian Independence Act.
Salient Features of the Constitution: Length, flexibility, parliamentary system, federal structure, etc.
Schedules and Parts of the Constitution.
2. Fundamental Rights (Part III)
Articles 12 to 35.
Important cases like Kesavananda Bharati Case, Maneka Gandhi Case, etc.
Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right to Constitutional Remedies.
Restrictions on Fundamental Rights.
3. Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
Articles 36 to 51.
Classification: Socialist, Gandhian, Liberal-Intellectual principles.
Difference between Fundamental Rights and DPSPs.
DPSPs and Judicial Interpretations.
4. Fundamental Duties (Part IVA)
Article 51A.
List of Fundamental Duties and their significance.
Role of Swaran Singh Committee in Fundamental Duties.
5. Union and State Executive
President: Election, Powers, Impeachment, Pardoning Powers.
Vice-President: Election and Functions.
Prime Minister: Powers and Functions, Relationship with President.
Council of Ministers: Roles and Responsibilities, Collective Responsibility.
Governor: Powers, Functions, Relationship with Chief Minister.
6. Parliament and State Legislatures
Parliament: Composition, Powers, and Functions of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Types of Bills: Ordinary Bills, Money Bills, Financial Bills, Constitutional Amendment Bills.
Parliamentary Committees: Public Accounts Committee (PAC), Estimates Committee, Committee on Public Undertakings.
Legislative Procedures: Passing of Bills, Joint Sessions, etc.
Privileges of Parliament and Members of Parliament.
7. Judiciary
Supreme Court: Composition, Powers, Jurisdiction, Judicial Review, and Activism.
High Courts: Jurisdiction, Writ Jurisdiction.
Judicial Independence: Appointment and Removal of Judges.
Public Interest Litigation (PIL).
8. Federal Structure
Centre-State Relations: Legislative, Administrative, Financial Relations.
Inter-State Council, Zonal Councils.
Role of Governor, President’s Rule (Article 356), National Emergency (Article 352).
Finance Commission and GST Council.
9. Constitutional and Non-Constitutional Bodies
Election Commission of India.
Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).
Finance Commission, National Commission for SCs/STs.
CAG (Comptroller and Auditor General), Attorney General.
National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), NITI Aayog, Central Information Commission.
Non-Constitutional bodies like NITI Aayog, National Development Council (NDC).
10. Amendments to the Constitution
Procedure of Amendment (Article 368).
Important amendments like 42nd, 44th, 73rd, 74th, and 101st Amendment (GST).
Basic Structure Doctrine (Kesavananda Bharati case).
11. Local Governance
73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments: Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).
Gram Sabha, Powers of Panchayats, and Municipalities.
PESA Act, Functions of Zila Parishad.
12. Emergency Provisions
National Emergency (Article 352).
President’s Rule (Article 356).
Financial Emergency (Article 360).
Effects and implications of emergency on Fundamental Rights and Federalism.
13. Citizenship
Articles 5 to 11.
Citizenship Act, 1955: Modes of acquisition and loss of citizenship.
Recent developments like CAA 2019 (Citizenship Amendment Act).

15. Elections and Electoral Reforms
Representation of People Act, 1950 and 1951.
Electoral Reforms: NOTA, VVPAT, One Nation One Election debate.
Role of Election Commission and Model Code of Conduct.
16. Important Constitutional Cases
Kesavananda Bharati Case (Basic Structure Doctrine).
Minerva Mills Case.
Shah Bano Case.
S.R. Bommai Case (Federalism and President’s Rule).
17. Schedules of the Indian Constitution
Key schedules like 7th Schedule (Division of powers between Centre and States), 9th Schedule (Laws protected from judicial review), and others.


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