GenBank NCBI | Bioinformatics Lecture 1 (Part 2) by Dr. Muhammad Naveed

GenBank, NCBI, Bioinformatics, How to use GenBank, NCBI Home Page:

The GenBank sequence database is an open access, annotated collection of all publicly available nucleotide sequences and their protein translations. It is produced and maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI; a part of the National Institutes of Health in the United States) as part of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC).

GenBank and its collaborators receive sequences produced in laboratories throughout the world from more than 100,000 distinct organisms. The database started in 1982 by Walter Goad and Los Alamos National Laboratory. GenBank has become an important database for research in biological fields and has grown in recent years at an exponential rate by doubling roughly every 18 months.

Release 194, produced in February 2013, contained over 150 billion nucleotide bases in more than 162 million sequences.[4] GenBank is built by direct submissions from individual laboratories, as well as from bulk submissions from large-scale sequencing centers.

History
Walter Goad of the Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory and others established the Los Alamos Sequence Database in 1979, which culminated in 1982 with the creation of the public GenBank.[5] Funding was provided by the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, and the Department of Defense. LANL collaborated on GenBank with the firm Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, and by the end of 1983 more than 2,000 sequences were stored in it.

In the mid 1980s, the Intelligenetics bioinformatics company at Stanford University managed the GenBank project in collaboration with LANL.[6] As one of the earliest bioinformatics community projects on the Internet, the GenBank project started BIOSCI/Bionet news groups for promoting open access communications among bioscientists. During 1989 to 1992, the GenBank project transitioned to the newly created National Center for Biotechnology Information.

Growth

Growth in GenBank base pairs, 1982 to 2018, on a semi-log scale
The GenBank release notes for release 162.0 (October 2007) state that "from 1982 to the present, the number of bases in GenBank has doubled approximately every 18 months".[4][8] As of 15 June 2019, GenBank release 232.0 has 213,383,758 loci, 329,835,282,370 bases, from 213,383,758 reported sequences.

The GenBank database includes additional data sets that are constructed mechanically from the main sequence data collection, and therefore are excluded from this count.
Top organisms in GenBank
Organism base pairs
Homo sapiens 1.6310774187×1010
Mus musculus 9.974977889×109
Rattus norvegicus 6.521253272×109
Bos taurus 5.386258455×109
Zea mays 5.062731057×109
Sus scrofa 4.88786186×109
Danio rerio 3.120857462×109
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus 1.435236534×109
Macaca mulatta 1.256203101×109
Oryza sativa Japonica Group 1.255686573×109
Nicotiana tabacum 1.197357811×109
Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis 1.249938611×109
Drosophila melanogaster 1.11996522×109
Pan troglodytes 1.008323292×109
Arabidopsis thaliana 1.144226616×109
Canis lupus familiaris 951,238,343
Vitis vinifera 999,010,073
Gallus gallus 899,631,338
Glycine max 906,638,854
Triticum aestivum 898,689,329

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