Acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS ) Etiology, Clinical features, Diagnosis, and Treatment

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Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, pathology, Etiology, Clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and complications

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe inflammatory reaction of the lungs to pulmonary damage. Sepsis is the most common cause, but various other systemic or pulmonary factors – such as pneumonia or aspiration – can lead to ARDS. Patients initially present with acute onset cyanosis, dyspnea, and tachypnea. Over the course of the next weeks, most patients will improve significantly, although some progress to pulmonary fibrosis, which prolongs their hospital stay and delays resolution of symptoms. The chief finding in ARDS is hypoxemic respiratory failure with decreased arterial oxygen pressure, which usually progresses to hypercapnic respiratory failure. Chest x-ray typically shows diffuse bilateral infiltrates (“butterfly pattern”). Management of ARDS focuses on maintaining adequate oxygenation, which often requires intubation and (lung protective) mechanical ventilation, as nasal prongs and/or mask ventilation are insufficient. Moreover, any treatable causes of ARDS should be addressed. However, even if adequate treatment is initiated, ARDS remains an acutely life-threatening disease with a high mortality rate.

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