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In 1529, the Mughal Empire was still solidifying its power in India. Babur, who had already defeated Ibrahim Lodi in 1526 at Panipat and Rana Sanga in 1527 at Khanwa, now faced a new threat from Afghan chiefs in eastern India. Led by Mahmud Lodi, brother of Ibrahim Lodi, and supported by Bengal’s Sultan Nusrat Shah, this alliance aimed to overthrow Mughal rule.

Babur acted swiftly. With around 20,000 troops, including his son Humayun and trusted commander Mirza Askari, he marched east. The Afghan alliance, with 40,000 soldiers, had fortified their position near the Ghaghra River (in present-day Uttar Pradesh).

On May 6, 1529, Babur launched a two-pronged attack—cannon fire from the front and a surprise rear assault by Mirza Askari’s troops who crossed the river upstream. The Afghans, caught off-guard, were overwhelmed. Mahmud Lodi fled, and Bengal’s forces were defeated.

This Battle of Ghaghra was Babur’s final major campaign. It crushed Afghan resistance in the east, secured Mughal control over Bihar and Jaunpur, and established the Mughal Empire as a lasting force in India. Babur died the following year, but his victory marked the beginning of a powerful dynasty.

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