Pharynx Anatomy (Parts, Layers, Muscles)

Content:
0:00 Introduction
0:36 Parts of the Pharynx
1:53 Nasopharynx
7:19 Oropharynx
7:44 Laryngopharynx
8:36 Layers of Pharyngeal Wall
10:17 Muscles of the Pharynx

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Parts of the Pharynx:
- Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
Layers of the Pharyngeal Wall
Muscles of the Pharynx

Pharynx:
- 12 to 15 cm long
- Nasopharynx (Pars Nasalis)
- Oropharynx (Pars Oralis)
- Laryngopharynx (Pars Laryngis)

Nasopharynx:
- Level of C1-C2
- Vault of Pharynx (Fornix Pharyngis)
- Attachment points of the pharynx: Pharyngeal Tubercle of the occipital bone (tuberculum pharyngeum), Petrooccipital Fissure (petrooccipital synchondrosis), Inferior Surface of Petrous Part (Temporal Bone), Medial Lamina of Pterygoid Process
- Choana (Internal Nose)
- Auditory Tube
- Pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube (Ostium Pharyngeum Tubae Auditiva)
- Cushion of the Auditory Canal (Torus Tubarius)
- Pharyngeal Recess (Recessus Pharyngeus)
- Pharyngeal Tonsils / Adenoids (Tonsilla pharyngealis)
- Tubal Tonsils (Tonsilla Tubaria)

Overview of Auditory Tube:
- Ear Structures: Outer Ear, Middle Ear (ossicles and tympanic membrane), Inner ear.
- Eustachian Tube connects the nasopharynx with the middle ear
- Function of auditory tube:
○ Equalizing the pressure
○ Draining the middle ear

Oropharynx:
- Level of C4-C4
- Bordered by Soft Palate and Epiglottis
- Connects with the Oral cavity through the Oropharyngeal Isthmus (Isthmus faucium)

Laryngopharynx:
- Level of C5-C6
- Continues into Larynx through Laryngeal Inlet (auditus laryngis)
- Piriform Fossa (Recessus Piriformis)

Layers of the Pharyngeal Wall:
- Tunica Mucosa
○ Lined by Respiratory Epithelium (Pseudostratified epithelium with cilia and goblet cells)
○ Lined by Stratified Squamous non keratinized epithelium
- Tela Submucosa
○ Contains Connective tissue with blood vessels and lymph vessels, and glands
- Tunica Muscularis
○ Has 2 muscle layers for peristalsis
○ Internal Circular muscle layer (Stratum Circulare)
○ Outer Longitudinal Muscle layer (Stratum longitudinale)
- Tunica Adventitia
○ Covers Pharynx from outside

External Pharyngeal Muscles:
- Pharyngeal Constrictors (Musculi Constrictores Pharyngis)
○ Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor
○ Medial Pharyngeal Constrictor
○ Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor
- Pharyngeal Elevators (Musculi Levatores Pharyngis)
○ Stylopharyngeus Muscle (Musculus Stylopharyngeum)
○ Palatopharyngeus Muscle (Musculus Palatopharyngeum)
○ Salpingopharyngeus Muscle (Musculus Salpingopharyngeus)

Sources used in this video:
- Memorix Anatomy 2nd Edition by Hudák Radovan (Author), Kachlík David (Author), Volný Ondřej (Author)
- Biorender
- University notes and lectures