Скачать или смотреть Kidney structure and function | Kidney anatomy & physiology|| Bioscholar

Kidney structure and function | Kidney anatomy and physiology|| Bioscholar
Let's explore one of the most vital organs in the human body — the kidney.

Deep inside your abdomen, just below the rib cage on either side of the spine, lie two bean-shaped organs. These are your kidneys. Each kidney is roughly the size of a clenched fist and weighs between 120 to 150 grams. Despite their small size, the kidneys receive nearly 20 to 25 percent of the heart's total output of blood — a testament to their essential role in maintaining internal balance.

The kidneys are retroperitoneal, meaning they lie behind the peritoneal cavity. Each kidney is surrounded by three protective layers. The outermost is the renal fascia, also known as Gerota’s fascia — a thin, fibrous membrane anchoring the kidney in place. Beneath this is a thick adipose capsule, or fat layer, which cushions and insulates the kidney. The innermost layer is the renal capsule, a smooth, tough, and transparent membrane that tightly wraps the kidney, protecting it from trauma and infections.

Internally, each kidney is organized into three main regions: the renal cortex, renal medulla, and renal pelvis.

The renal cortex is the outer, granular region. It houses the glomeruli and the beginning of the nephron tubules — the structural and functional units of the kidney. Just beneath the cortex lies the renal medulla, composed of 8 to 18 cone-shaped renal pyramids. These pyramids contain the loops of Henle and collecting ducts, essential for the concentration of urine. The tips of the pyramids, called renal papillae, project into minor calyces — small chambers that collect urine. Several minor calyces merge to form major calyces, which in turn drain into the renal pelvis, a funnel-shaped reservoir that channels urine into the ureter.

Microscopically, each kidney contains about one million nephrons. A nephron consists of two main parts: the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule. The renal corpuscle includes the Bowman’s capsule and a cluster of capillaries known as the glomerulus. This is where blood filtration begins. The filtered fluid then flows through the renal tubule — made up of the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct. Here, essential substances like glucose, amino acids, and water are reabsorbed, while waste materials are secreted into the forming urine.

Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery, which branches into segmental, interlobar, arcuate, and interlobular arteries. From there, blood flows into afferent arterioles and reaches the glomerulus. After filtration, it exits via efferent arterioles and drains through a parallel venous system, eventually leaving through the renal vein. This complex blood supply ensures precise control of blood composition, pressure, and volume.

In summary, the kidney is far more than a filter. It is a sophisticated organ designed to purify blood, balance electrolytes, regulate blood pressure, and maintain fluid equilibrium. Every part, from the outer capsule to the microscopic nephron, contributes to this incredible process.

The next time you take a sip of water, remember the quiet brilliance of your kidneys — nature’s purification powerhouse, working around the clock to keep you alive.

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