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Why do genes cooperate so well? The truth is, they don't, at least not always. Here we explore how genes can rebel and what other genes in the genome must do to stop the rebels from ruining everything!

PAPERS MENTIONED IN THIS VIDEO
Adaptation is maintained by the Parliament of Genes (main paper of this video)
https://www.nature.com/articles/s4146...

Overview of Selfish Genetic Elements
https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073...

Experimental work demonstrating how Suppressor Elements keep sex ratios in check
https://www.researchgate.net/publicat...

Sex-Ratio distorter tracked in the wild (This is a wonderful paper!) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/e...

FURTHER READING
Sex ratios in honey bees are NOT 50:50 because of their Haplodiploid system:
https://www.researchgate.net/publicat...

This brings up the question "Okay, how/why do haplodiploid systems evolve?"
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...

00:00 Do genes challenge Darwin's theory of evolution?
00:31 How does cooperation evolve?
01:13 Badger & coyote symbiosis
02:01 Bat & cactus mutualism
03:16 Cheating and policing can evolve
05:10 Selfish Genetic Elements are genes that cheat
06:27 Sex ratios in fruit flies
07:35 Sex-Ratio Distorters
09:19 Policing genes, AKA "Suppressor Elements"
10:34 The Parliament of Genes
13:26 Mathematics of the Parliament of Genes
14:32 Adaptation is maintained by the Parliament of Genes