Скачать или смотреть ALCHEMY: MAGIC, POISONS, AND THE FIRST SCIENTISTS IN HISTORY

Far from being merely eccentric mystics, medieval alchemists were true experimenters who, in their pursuit of fantastical goals like the Philosopher's Stone, ended up making bizarre and fundamental scientific discoveries.
The obsession with transforming base metals like lead into gold, although a glorious failure, forced alchemists to manipulate matter in ways never before seen. In this frantic search, they eventually discovered and isolated real and much less glamorous elements, such as arsenic (a notorious poison), antimony, and bismuth.
In their attempts to dissolve everything and anything, alchemists were the first to produce extremely strong mineral acids, such as sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric. Imagine the surprise and danger of dealing with substances capable of corroding metals, which they themselves considered nearly indestructible.
Alchemy laboratories were filled with equipment with strange names and appearances, such as the "alembic." They developed techniques like distillation and sublimation, not to create potions, but to purify substances, laying the foundation for the laboratory practices chemists use to this day.
Alchemists' knowledge of metals was so valuable that it became a state secret. Kings and rulers hired them not only for the promise of gold, but for their practical skills in mining, creating metal alloys for stronger currencies, and even developing innovative technologies for extracting silver, a pillar of the economy of the time.
Alchemy was a bizarre and unintentional science. By pursuing the impossible, alchemists, shrouded in secrecy and symbolism, ended up building the foundations of modern chemistry and metallurgy, proving that sometimes the greatest scientific advances are born from the strangest ideas.


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