Скачать или смотреть Transgenic bacteria | Biotechnology products | class 12

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This lecture is about
BIOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS

Today bacteria, plants and animals are genetically engineered to produce biotechnology
products. Organisms that have a foreign gene inserted into them are called transgenic
organisms.
Transgenic Bacteria
Recombinant DNA technology is used to produce bacteria that reproduce in large
vats called bioreactors. If the foreign gene is replicated and actively expressed, a
large amount of protein product can be obtained. Biotechnology products produced
by bacteria, such as insulin, human growth hormone, tissue plasminogen activator,
haemophilia factor Vm, and hepatitis B vaccine are now in the market.
Transgenic bacteria have been produced to promote health of plants for example,
bacteria that normally live on plants and encourage the formation of ice crystals have
been changed from frost - plus to frost - minus bacteria. Also, a bacterium that normally
colonizes the roots of com plants has now been endowed with genes (from another
bacterium) that code for an insect toxin. The toxin protects the roots from insects.
Bacteria can be selected for their ability to degrade a particular substance and then
this ability can be enhanced by genetic engineering. For instance, naturally occurring
bacteria may be engineered to do an even better job of cleaning up beaches after oil
spills.Industry has found that bacteria can be used as biofilters to prevent airborne chemical
pollutants from being vented into the air. They can also remove sulfur from coal before
it is burned and help to clean up toxic waste dumps. One such strain was given genes
that allowed it to clean up levels of toxins that would have killed other strains. Further,
these bacteria were given “suicide” genes that caused them to self-destruct when the
job had been accomplished.
Organic chemicals are often synthesized by having catalysts act on precursor molecules
or by using bacteria to carry out the synthesis. Today, it is possible to go one step further
and to manipulate the genes that code for these enzymes. For instance, biochemists
discovered a strain of bacteria that is specially good at producing phenylalanine; an
organic chemical needed to make aspartame, the dipeptide sweetener better known
as Nutrasweet. They isolated, altered and formed a vector for the appropriate genes
so that various bacteria could be genetically engineered to produce pucnylaianine.
Many major mining companies already use bacteria to obtain various metals. Genetic
engineering may enhance the ability of bacteria to extract copper, uranium and gold
from low grade sources. Some mining companies are testing genetically engineered
organisms that have improved bioleaching capabilities.