Скачать или смотреть Chapter 4 Cognitive Processes Part 6 Creative Thinking Types Of Thinking |Class 12 Maharashtra Board

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Types of thinking :

1. Problem Solving : Problem solving refers to the process of finding solutions to problems encountered in life. It is one of the types of thinking. Problem solving includes the following steps :

(a) Defining the problem : In this step a person needs to identify and define the problem correctly. If a person defines the problem incorrectly, he will never reach the solution. For example, when a baby is crying due to a stomach ache and if his/her mother wrongly interprets it as due to hunger, the problem remains unresolved.

(b) Generating alternative solutions : For every problem there are various solutions, some effective while some may turn out to be ineffective. In this second step of problem solving a person tries to search for all those possible actions that can solve a problem. For example, if a person is suffering from a severe headache, he/she may start thinking of taking rest, listening to music, meditating, taking medicines, etc.

(c) Selecting a solution : In this third step of problem solving, out of many possible solutions, the person selects one on the basis of the reasoning applied. Reasoning ability of an individual helps him/her to solve problems more realistically. For example, if a person recalls that meditation helped him/her in reducing his/her headache last time, he/she will select the same solution for the problem in the current situation.

(d) Implementing and follow up on the solution: In the last step of problem solving a person actually tries out a certain solution and evaluates the outcome on the basis of whether it has helped him/her to resolve the problem or not. If the problem is still unresolved, a person might have to go to one of the previous steps and carry out the problem solving procedure again.

2. Creative thinking: Creativity is characterized by the ability to perceive the world in new ways, to find hidden patterns, to make connections between seemingly unrelated phenomena, and to generate solutions. Scientists, musicians, poets, fashion designers, interior decorators, etc. always think in a creative way. Creative thinking seems to be having following four sequential stages :

(a) Preparation: It is the stage of formulating the problem and gathering information, materials, etc. for finding new solutions. Creative ideas do not come from a vacuum. Many tentative solutions are tried out and discarded. No progress seems to be made in this stage. For example, if a poet wants to write a song for a particular movie, he may start preparing for it by brainstorming, reading, gathering his own past experiences, or anything that can help him to move towards finding a new solution.