Скачать или смотреть docstrings in python

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docstrings in python are a convenient way of associating documentation with python modules, classes, functions, and methods. they are used to explain what the code does, its parameters, return values, and any other relevant information.

what is a docstring?

a docstring is a string literal that appears right after the definition of a function, method, class, or module. it's defined using triple quotes (`"""` or `'''`). by convention, the first line of a docstring should be a brief summary of the function's purpose. if there are additional details, they can be included in subsequent lines.

importance of docstrings

1. **code readability**: they make your code easier to read and understand.
2. **documentation generation**: tools like sphinx can automatically generate documentation from docstrings.
3. **interactive help**: docstrings can be accessed using the built-in `help()` function, making it easier for others (or yourself) to understand how to use your code.

writing docstrings

a well-structured docstring typically includes:

a brief description of the function's purpose.
a description of parameters (including types).
return values (including types).
exceptions raised (if any).
additional information or examples.

example of a docstring

here’s how to write a function with a docstring:

```python
def factorial(n):
"""
calculate the factorial of a non-negative integer.

parameters:
n (int): a non-negative integer whose factorial is to be calculated.

returns:
int: the factorial of the given integer n.

raises:
valueerror: if n is a negative integer.

examples:
factorial(5)
120
factorial(0)
1
"""
if n 0:
raise valueerror("input must be a non-negative integer.")
if n == 0:
return 1
result = 1
for i in range(1, n + 1):
result *= i
return result

using the help function to retrieve the docstring
help(factorial)
```

breakdown of the example

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